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Science
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| allyl vinyl type , [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement in the Claisen rearrangement, silyl enol type, attacked by a chloride in the Mukaiyama aldol reaction, polar aprotic solvent tetrahydrofuran, | ether |
| A namesake structure formed in this process is where NADPH oxidase localizes to produce reactive oxygen species in a respiratory burst. most common process induced through opsonization, | Phagcytosis |
| Electronic energies are measured by Dq, elements’ orbitals are renamed for two gerade symmetry groups, separate by an energy gap symbolized delta, One of these elements is the first exception to the Aufbau principle | Transitional Metals |
| field strength on the x-axis and draws both absorbance and first-derivative curves, DMPO or PBN, Sawamoto, Wang, and Matyjaszewski, analyzed by ESR spectroscopy, triphenylmethyl,, Moses Gomberg | Free radicals |
| Ions used to bring about this process with proteins are ranked high on the Hofmeister series and have kosmotropic properties. Solutions of isopropyl alcohol cause DNA to undergo this process. newly formed silver compounds usually undergo this process | Precipitation |
| form parallel to the cuticle, the pileipellis is classified as a cutis. gloeoplerous seem to contain a granular substance under a microscope. flattened to create infectious cells called appressorium, ascocarp, Haustoria n parasites, and microbodies | Hyphae |
| Helix-turn-helix and leucine zipper domains are found in allosteric proteins like CAP that regulate this process, arabinose , IPTG, tryptophan levels are high in a common example of negative regulation, | Transcription |
| interactions occurring at C5 was discovered using tryptophan zippers. Thiourea (“thio-you-REE-uh”) catalysts primarily use these interactions. The number of these interactions determines the melting temperature of a PCR primer, since a GC pair contains | Hydrogen Bonding |
| when the Biot number is less than 0.1. Liquid helium facilitates this process via a phenomenon called second sound. free electron diffusion and phonon vibrations. This process’s flux density q is equals k times the negative gradient of | Conduction |
| from a base value of 214 or 253, and adding multiples of 5 or 30 The chlorophyll molecules in PI & PII are named based on the output of this technique. The Woodward–Fieser (FYE-zer) rules can help interpret the results of this technique, | Spectrophotometry |
| cells lacking specific examples of these structures tend to die due to a lack of antitoxin production. Iterons maintain the copy number of these structures, used as a cloning vector contains a single ori site and is named pBR322. Esther Lederberg | plasmids |
| Fast Sulphon Black or Murexide. paired with calorimetry to measure the binding of small molecules to proteins at constant temperature. Kjeldahl digestion to measure nitrogen content. reacts thiosulfate with a mixture of manganese and iodide, | titration |
| exceeds the Bekenstein limit, similar Landauer’s principle can also be derived from this statement, coefficients named after Onsager can be shown to be positive semi-definite, created by Carathéodory, apparent violations of in Poincaré’s | 2nd law of thermodynamics |
| intensive variable that the canonical ensemble is dependent on, independent variable in TGM analysis, entropy is equal to the integrand of the infinitesimal change in heat divided by this quantity, Clausius inequality, second virial coefficient= zero | Temperature |
| "Base–emitter" , "collector–base", exponentiated and then decremented in the Ebers–Moll model, this quantity that equals four-R-k-T-delta-f is by Johnson–Nyquist noise. the left-hand side of an elementary equation form states "E equals J over sigma." | Voltage |
| metallochaperones Atx1 & Ccc2 regulate intracellular levels of this metal, enzyme superoxide dismutase, Zinc and this metal, An alloy of this element, indium, gallium, and selenium comprises a thin film layer in a type of second-generation solar cell. | Copper |
| David Weiss, having a lattice of ultracold atoms fill a smaller sublattice. Charles Bennet this construct must erase information, running into Landauer’s theorem. Feynman posited a version of this construct with a microscopic | Maxwell's demon |
| For a size n, n= length of the stored strings. The time required to insert elements into a heap is proportional to its size. Elements of balanced search trees in time proportional of their size. | logarithmic |
| The Bateson–Dobzhansky–Muller. It’s not hybridization, but early stages of this process where one sex is rare are described by Haldane’s rule. Eldredge and Gould argued that rates of this process only increase during brief intervals, a view known as | speciation |
| The Shaybanids, Qarshi, Chagatai Khanate, Kantubek, Department of Defense neutralized over 100 tons of anthrax, neighboring city of Osh, Fergana Valley | Uzbekistan |
| The Bubbles flank Jordan Pond, Somes Sound is the only fjard, Isle de Haut, Schoodic peninsula, Cadillac Mountain | Acadia National Park |
| The displacement of two of these structures in TAL in the rule of Spence. Pott's disease, is caused by tuberculosis in these structures. Are oddly arranged in kyphosis and lordosis. Inflammation i can cause ankylosis in a form ofspondyli | vertebrae |
| Alfred-Marie Liénard formula for electromagnetism involving the square of the cross product of beta with the time derivative of beta, Larmor formula, equals the flux of the Poynting vector through a surface. | Power |
| An equation that governs this technique is HETP equals A plus B over u plus u times c; that equation is the van Deemter equation. A spectrophotometer may be used to analyze results in this technique where the eluent carries the eluite. | Chromatography |
| 70 kilodalton bacterial "housekeeping" protein required for coded for by rpoD, holoenzymes, stalls at attenuator regions in intrinsic/rho-independent termination mechanisms due to hairpin formation. | transcription |
| replaced during activation of a MOF, treatment with supercritical CO2. The efficacy =the energy required to separate individual molecules from their neighbors, Joel Hildebrand, A conical piece of lab equipment is used to move organic molecules from one of | solvents |
| classical electron radius, one-half times the volume integral of epsilon-nought E-squared plus B-squared over mu-nought, this quantity equals minus q times the line integral of the electric field, this quantity equals minus p dot E | energy |
| use of cyano·biphenyls as discotics, George Gray, Stephanie Kwolek's disovery of Kevlar, In-plane switching improves the performance of devices that use these materials, "cholesteric" type forms unaligned layers, unlike their (*) smectic type. | Liquid Crystals |
| This ion’s concentration is inversely proportional to hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen in the Bohr effect. the concentration of this ion is related to hyperkalemia. Q cycle. The drug omeprazole inhibits the production in parietal cells. | Hydrogen Ions |
| measurements must correct for borate, done on a "total" scale because of the presence of sulfate. An asterisk to group uncharged species when plotting this quantity on a Bjerrum plot. The age of a water mass affects the height of the CCD | Oceanic pH |
| Hilbert’s basis theorem states that a ring of these functions over a Noetherian ring is also Noetherian. Field extensions are constructed using irreducible ones of these functions. Galois theory, Abel-Ruffini theorem. | polynomials |
| A variant of GFP visualize cameleon protein. Along with diacylglycerol, an increase in this ion activates protein kinase C. During oocyte activation, increased levels of this ion triggers the “slow block” of polyspermy. bound to proteins | Calcium, Ca2+ |
| The Frenet–Serret formulas, Elliptic integrals were developed to calculate this quantity for ellipses, the sum of the distances between adjacent values in a partition of the domain and may equal the supremum of all such rectifications. | arc length |
| phenomenon may cause the TTL to reach zero, Measuring this phenomenon in an error-free system is the primary use case of ICMP packets, Using UDP instead of TCP , is a higher priority than the reliability provided by handshakes. | network latency |
| Foreland basins form parallel to this, The largest batholiths had their component plutons exposed to the surface as part of this type of event. At subduction zones where this type of event occurs, it is propelled by the uplift of accretionary wedges. | mountain formation |
| These cells are often cultured in the presence of leukemia inhibitory factor. they express telomerase, these cells are not subject to Hayflick’s limit. These cells are often cultured on top of a “feeder layer” of mice fibroblasts. | stem cells |
| “ribbed” species that absorbs heavy metals in Atlantic salt marshes, se dopamine in the foot protein of their byssal threads, Mytilus californianus, Ships in Lake Erie are quickly covered by a layer of an invasive species named for its (*) zebra stripes | bivalves |
| Adjacent elements in a Tamari lattice, property. F. W. Light, constructs pairs of Cayley tables. Alternativity is a weaker form is possessed by octonions, 4D division algebra over the reals with this property is the quaternions | associativity |
| Exposure can cause nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. These elements’ strong paramagnetism makes their cations useful as shift reagents in NMR and as contrast agents in MRIs. One of these elements is found with iron and boron in a type of permanent magnet. | Lanthanides |
| Antimicrobial nanoparticles turn bacteria into "zombies" , catalyzes the oxidative syntheses of formaldehyde and ethylene oxide, calomel electrode in pH meters, halides as cream-colored solids and stains skin and nervous tissue in Golgi's black reaction | silver |
| the square root of one plus the electric susceptibility by the Ewald–Oseen extinction theorem. Laurent series with only even non-positive terms in an equation -> formula the Sellmeier equation. Values of this quantity at levels labeled C, d, and F | Index of refraction |
| K-epsilon models are used to computationally simulate this phenomenon. A method for modelling systems exhibiting this phenomenon decomposes the equations of motion to time-averaged components and a fluctuating component to produce the RANS equations. | Turbulence |
| ne theory of this phenomenon predicts an energy spectrum function with a negative-five-thirds power law, and assumes a length scale equal to the cube of kinematic viscosity divided by energy dissipation rate all raised to the one-fourth power. Kolmogorov | Turbulence |
| Straight trajectories within these devices were first demonstrated via Maltese cross-shaped shadows. Ferdinand Braun pioneered these devices by using a "cold" component to supplement thermionic emission. | cathode ray tubes |
| In these devices, two pairs of deflection coils determine position on a phosphor screen. Evacuation of these devices was improved by William Crookes, | cathode ray tubes |
| Confirmation of this phenomenon can be done with flow cytometry for CD63 positive cells,; that test is the B·A·T. Helminth infections may complicate radioimmunoassays for this response such as RAST, RIST, Thermo Fisher's ImmunoCAP test. | allergies |
| . Activated basophils contribute to this phenomenon upon the binding of (*) IgE, which also activates mast cells. | allergies |
| For the neutron, a property relating to objects described by this term would be caused by CP violation; the small value for that property gives rise to the strong CP problem. Simple antennas described by this term consist of (*) two conductors. | dipole |
| Vector fields called P and M describe the density of objects described by this term, which are typically induced by an external field. | dipole |
| The lowest order of electromagnetic radiation is described by this term, due to its vector nature, and its intensity scales as the fourth power of frequency. S | dipole |
| The prototypical cation–pi interaction in biology binds this molecule to the tryptophan in a ligand-gated ion channel. This compound’s succinyl derivative, or antagonists of its receptors are administered before endoctracheal intubation as a paralytic. | acetycholine |
| Organophosphate poisoning prevents the hydrolysis of an ester bond in this quaternary amine. Nightshade toxins like scopolamine, atropine, muscarine, and nicotine bind to receptors for this compound. | acetycholine |
| This disease’s causative agent has an unusual Asn-154 glycosylation site in its envelope glycoprotein. AXL is a potential receptor for this disease’s causative agent. The A. hensili species was the primary reservoir for a 2007 outbreak of this disease in | Zika Virus |
| in the Yap Islands. In 2013 and 2014, an outbreak of this virus occurred along with dengue and chikungunya in (*) French Polynesia. | Zika Virus |
| Channels for transporting this substance are damaged in PSC, which subsequently may cause steatorrhea. Taurine and glycine conjugate many of the components of this substance. | bile |
| ALP and GGT are two enzymes that are elevated when the flow of this substance is obstructed. Release of the hormone CCK induces the sphincter of Oddi to relax to release this substance through the (*) cystic duct. | bile |
| These devices made it possible to demonstrate second-harmonic generation, which is often used to adjust their output. Studying the Raman effect easier after this invention, sending electricity through mercury vapor, | lasers |
| Donna Strickland and Gérard Mourou developed a technique for amplifying ultrashort | lasers |
| This substance can form DX arrays, which can be used to create crystals and nanotubes, and TX arrays, which can be used as XOR (ex-or) gates. | DNA |
| This substance can form i-motifs under acidic conditions. Replication protein A can bind to this substance to prevent it from forming secondary structures. Enzymes such as TALENs and (*) Cas9 are used to cut this substance. | DNA |
| In 2014, Israel became a member of this organization due to the country’s involvement in building the OPAL device. A proposed $20 billion expansion to this organization’s main facility plans to increase its energy output to 100 TeV. | CERN |
| Researchers from this organization confirmed at the five-sigma level that they observed a decay path at 125 GeV, | CERN |
| Chromatofocusing slowly changes this quantity in the stationary phase to fractionate proteins. The distribution of oxidation state versus this quantity is plotted on a metal’s speciation diagram. | pH |
| Tertiary amines only dissolve if this quantity is low enough for the nitrogen to be tetravalent. Colloids are least stable when this quantity equals the isoelectric point, so the surface (*) charge is zero | pH |
| The Unix command “mount” specifies one of these things as the bind mount of a device. The “tmp” one of these things is a typical use case for the sticky bit flag, which restricts additions to these things. | Directories |
| Entries in these things are maps from names to i·node numbers. In many command-line utilities, the “r” flag specifies recursion over these things. | Directories |
| Static light scattering indicates this quantity for biomacromolecules. After trypsinization, proteins are sequenced by measuring this quantity for their trypsinized peptides to four decimal place precision. | mass |
| This property of a protein is estimated from a Coomassie-stained ladder with bands at 25, 37, 50, and 150 of this quantity’s standard units .In proteomics, this quantity is measured twice in tandem: once after MALD or ESI , | mass |
| The meanings of these systems are formalized by denotational semantics. Constructs generated by these systems map to proofs in the Curry-Howard isomorphism | programming languages |
| Side effects are avoided in a “pure” subtype of these systems based on lambda calculus and exemplified by OCaml. | programming languages |
| The logarithm of a ratio of two values for this quantity over the logarithm of a ratio of corresponding altitudes equals the Hellmann constant.Roughness length appears in an equation modeling the “log profile” of this quantity. | Wind speed |
| This quantity deviates from ideal “geostrophic” values and increases logarithmically with altitude due to the planetary boundary layer. This quantity is calculated with pressure measurements from Pitot tubes. | Wind speed |
| These systems are the typical holders of high values of Gaia's RUWE ("ROO-wee") statistic. Blue stragglers may form from these systems following the development of a common envelope. | Stellar binaries |
| X-ray emissions result from the asymmetry of a compact object in these systems whose mass is typically measured up to a factor of the sine of the inclination angle. "contact" type fill both Roche lobes, mass transfer through the L1 Lagrange point. | Stellar binaries |
| On one side on one of the Friedmann equations is this man’s namesake parameter plus the spatial curvature times the speed of light; that parameter’s derivative is proportional to the deceleration parameter. | Edwin Hubble |
| Georges Lemaître provided the first measure of this scientist’s namesake constant. | Edwin Hubble |
| A typical radical polymerization is terminated by a radical combination or a reaction of this name. Enzyme mediatedv reactions of this type eliminate superoxide radicals from biological systems. | disproportionation reaction |
| One of these reactions drives the high-pressure CO method for producing nanotubes; that reaction of this type is named for Boudouard. Non enolizable aldehydes may under one of these reactions in the presence of base produces alcohol and carboxylic acid | disproportionation reaction |
| In these features, strain rate is approximately proportional to the cube of basal shear stress according to Glen’s flow law. These features’ equilibrium line altitudes may limit vertical growth as they act as hypothetical “buzzsaws.” | glaciers |
| Firn increases in density and undergoes pore closure before being incorporated into these features. A disappearance of many of these features caused isostatic rebound. | glaciers |
| Protein FT-IR measurements are typically carried out in this solvent. The NMR peak corresponding to the acidic proton in an alcohol disappears when this compound is added due to chemical exchange. | Heavy Water |
| Despite pioneering a way to purify this liquid through electrolysis rather than distillation, GN Lewis lost out on the Nobel Prize awarded to Harold Urey. | Heavy Water |
| . Solvent suppression is often necessary because this common NMR solvent is only sold by vendors at 99.9% atomic purity. | Heavy Water |
| CFNA and Mosher’s acid are derivatizing agents used to distinguish molecules with this property. BINOL and BINAP are ligands with the axial form of this property that are used in asymmetric hydrogenation catalysts. Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rule | chirality |
| This compound and water are produced in a process found in Brocadia and other bacteria with distinctive ladderane lipids.This gas is produced in a specialized organelle with a riboplasm and paryphoplasm, which is known as the anammoxosome | nitrogen |
| Oxygen often interferes with the reduction of this element, which can be alleviated by leghemoglobin (leg-hemoglobin).An enzyme that reduces this compound relies on an iron molybdenum cofactor found in the lefume-associating Rhizobium bacteria | nitrogen |
| A type of these devices was developed with a downward stream of inert gas that added a “two-flow reactor” to MOCVD, a technique primarily used to make these devices. An “efficiency droop” in these devices may be driven by Auger recombination. | LEDs |
| A method for constructing these devices replaced an aluminum nitride buffer over a sapphire layer with gallium nitride. The circuit diagram symbol for these devices features two arrows pointing (*) away from a triangle. | LEDs |
| In 2016, scientists discovered that a new pathway for producing this molecule by NUDIX5 is essential for chromatin remodeling. The CFTR protein is among a family of "cassette" proteins that bind this molecule and are known by the acronym "ABC." | ATP |
| High levels of this molecule can allosterically inhibit the enzyme phosphofructokinase 1 (phospho-fructo-KY-nase one).Oligomycin inhibits the synthesis of this compound by blocking a (*) proton channel in one protein's F0 (F-zero) subunit. | ATP |
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