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Exam 3
Procedures and Lab Values for Exam 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Ostomy | a surgically created opening in the body that allows waste to leave through the abdomen into a bag outside the body. |
| Stoma | an opening created surgically on the abdomen that allows waste to leave the body. It's usually a pink/red opening on the abdomen |
| Colostomy | a surgery that creates an opening from the large intestine to the abdomen so stool can leave the body into a bag. |
| ileostomy | A surgically created opening in the small intestine, usually at the end of the illeum |
| Laxatives | Eases pooping by stimulating bowel activity |
| Black Poop | May be caused by medicine, licorice, or bleeding. |
| Green Poop | May be caused by eating lots of greens, food dye, or diarrhea. |
| Brown Poop | Usually means healthy digestion. |
| Yellow Poop | May be caused by too much fat, poor absorption, or intestinal problems. |
| Red Poop | May be caused by intestinal problems or disease. |
| White/Pale Poop | May be caused by blocked bile ducts or liver/gallbladder problems. |
| Bristol Stool Chart Levels 1-2 | Indicates constipation |
| Bristol Stool Chart Levels 3-4 | Indicates healthy stool |
| Bristol Stool Chart Levels 5-7 | Indicates diarrhea |
| Endoscopy | A procedure where a flexible camera is used to look inside the digestive tract or other body organs. |
| Colonoscopy | A procedure where a flexible camera is used to look inside the colon. |
| Occult blood (guaiac test) | A stool test used to check for hidden blood in the stool. |
| Urostomy | A surgery that creates an opening in the abdomen so urine can leave the body into a bag. |
| Sitz Bath | Sitting in warm water basin to relieve pain or swelling around the anus or genital area. |
| Enema | A liquid put into the rectum to help empty the bowels. |
| Colon Hydrotherapy | A procedure that flushes water through the colon to clean out waste. |
| Hemorrhoids | Swollen veins in the rectum or anus that can cause pain, itching, or bleeding. There is also 4 stages of this |
| Flushable reagent pad | A pad placed in the toilet that changes color if blood is present in the stool. |
| Soluable Fibers | Foods that help with diarrhea |
| Insoluable Fibers | Foods that help with constipation |
| Fecal immunochemical test (FIT) | A test that uses antibodies to find hidden blood in stool. |
| Guaiac smear test | A test that checks stool samples for hidden blood using a special chemical. |
| Fluid Intake Average | 2500-3000 mL |
| Hemoglobin (Hgb) | Male: 14-18 Female:12-16 Prego: Greater than 11 |
| Hematocrit (Hct) | Male:42-52 Female: 37-47 Prego Lady: Greater than 33 |
| Red Blood Cell (RBC) | Male: 4.7-6.1 Female:4.2-5.4 |
| White Blood Cell (WBC) | 5,000-10,000 Below 5,000 means immuno-deficent Above 10,000 means the bodys fighting an infection |
| Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) | 10-20 |
| Creatinine | Male: 0.6-1.2 Female: 0.5-1.1 |
| Potassium (K) | 3.5-5 |
| Sodium (Na) | 135-145 |
| Calcium (Ca) | 9-10.5 |
| Chloride (CI) | 98-106 |
| Glucose Levels | 70-110 |
| Protein | 6.4-8.3 |
| Albumin | 3.5-5 |
| Billirubin | 0.3-1 |
| Diabetes (HBA) | 6.5 or more |
| Prediabetes (HBA) | 5.8-6.4 |
| Normal (HBA) | 4-5.7 |
| Glucose-Diabetes | 126 or more |
| Glucose-Pre Diabetes | 100-125 |
| Glucose-Normal | 99 or lower |
| Urine Specific Gravity | 1.005-1.030 Below 1.005: Overhydration Above 1.030: Dehydration |
| Normal pH | 4.6-8 |
| Kidney Failure (eGFR) | 0-15 |
| Kidney Disease (eGFR) | 15-60 |
| Early Stage Kidney Disease (eGFR) | 60-90 |
| Normal (eGFR) | 90-120 |
| Colon Hydrotherapy | A tube inserted in the rectum that uses water and additives to flush colon contents. The therapist massages the abdomen and then the patient sits on the toilet for 30-45 minutes |
| Esophhagoastrodudenscopy (EGD) | A type of upper endoscopy |
| Puodenscopy/Duodenoscopy | A procedure that uses a camera tube to look inside the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. |
| Gastroscopy | A procedure that uses a camera tube to look inside the stomach. |
| Esophagoscopy | A procedure that uses a small camera tube to look inside the esophagus. |
| Jejunostomy | A surgical opening made into the jejunum (part of the small intestine) for feeding. |
| Gastrostomy | A surgical opening made directly into the stomach through the abdomen for feeding. |
| Nasogastric Tube Insertion | A procedure where a tube is inserted through the nose into the stomach to give food/medicine or remove fluids and air. |
| Types of Enemas | Tap water enema, normal saline enema, harish flush and carminative enemas , soap suds enemas, oil retention enemas. |
| Enemas | A solution that goes in the rectum and sigmoid colon via anus to relief constipation or impacted feces |
| Rectal suppository | a small, solid medication placed into the rectum where it melts or dissolves to deliver medicine into the body or help cause a bowel movement. Please use lubrication when inserting this medication. Advance the medication 5cm (2 inches) |
| Stool Softner | a medication that adds moisture to stool (poop) to make it softer and easier to pass, helping prevent constipation and straining during bowel movements. |
| FOBT Screening | A yearly colorectal screening for patients 45 or older. Were looking for colorectal polyps and early signs of cancer |
| Endoscopy | A procedure that uses a camera to view the inside of the esophagus |
| Polyps | A small growths of tissue that form inside the body, often in places like the colon or intestines. Most are harmless, but some can turn into cancer over time. |
| Fecal Occult Blood Test | a test that checks for small amounts of hidden blood in the stool (poop) that cannot be seen with the eyes. It is often used to help find bleeding in the digestive tract or screen for colon cancer. |
| Palpation | using the hands to gently press on the abdomen (stomach area) during a physical assessment. Were checking for Pain or tenderness, Swelling or lumps, Hardness or softness, Organ size (like the liver), Abnormal masses or fluid |
| Auscultation | Using a stethoscope to assess for bowel sounds |
| Sigmoid Colostomy | A colostomy made on the sigmoid colon (lower left abdomen) where stool is usually solid and regular. Mainly used for rectal tumors |
| Descending Colostomy | A colostomy made on the descending colon (left side of the abdomen) where stool is more formed. Mainly used for left-sided tumors |
| Transverse Colostomy | An opening in the middle colon that drains soft stool. It has two stomas: one drains stool and the other drains mucus. |
| Ascending Colostomy | A colostomy made on the ascending colon (right side of the abdomen) where stool is usually liquid or loose. Mainly used for right-sided tumors |
| Urinary Diversion Care | Care for a surgical opening that reroutes urine out of the body (like a stoma), including cleaning and managing the collection bag. |
| Perineal Care | Cleaning the area between the genitals and anus to prevent infection and keep it clean. |
| External Male Catheters | A condom-like device placed over the penis to collect urine without entering the bladder |
| External Female Catheters | A device placed outside the female body to collect urine without inserting anything into the bladder or urethra. |
| Suprapubic Catheters | A catheter that goes directly into the bladder through a small opening in the lower abdomen instead of the urethra. |
| Catheter Care | Cleaning and maintaining a urinary catheter to prevent infection and keep urine flowing properly. |
| Intravenous Pyelography | A special X-ray test where contrast dye is injected into a vein, and then X-rays are taken to see how the dye travels through the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. |
| KUB testing | A simple X-ray test that takes pictures of your kidneys, ureters, and bladder to check for things like kidney stones, blockages, or other urinary problems. |
| What should not be in urine when testing? | Protein, Glucose, Ketones |
| Urinalysis | Assessing urine at a single point of time. Also were screening for UTI, Kidney Disease, and other conditions. Single samples are used to detect bacteria, glucose, white blood cells, red blood cells, proteins, and other substances. |
| Normal Urine Output for Adults | 0.5-1.5mL/kg/hr |
| Urinary Diversion | A surgical procedure performed when bladder function is impaired due to trauma or disease |
| Urinary Tract Infection | Bacteria in the urine caused by E.Coli. Females get this most often due to shorter urethras. As for old people the onset of this is confusion |
| Temporary Incontinence | Short-term loss of bladder control caused by a temporary condition like infection, medication, or illness |
| Overflow Incontinence | When the bladder becomes too full and leaks small amounts of urine because it cannot empty properly.This results to a weakened bladder. |
| Functional Incontinence | When a person knows they need to urinate but cannot get to the bathroom in time due to physical, mental, or environmental barriers. |
| Mixed Incontinence | A combination of stress incontinence and urge incontinence symptoms. |
| Urge Incontinence | A sudden, strong need to urinate followed by involuntary urine leakage before reaching the bathroom. |
| Stress Incontinence | Leaking urine when pressure is put on the bladder, such as when coughing, sneezing, laughing, or lifting heavy objects |
| Urinary incontinence | The inability to control the passage of urine |
| Urinary Retention | The inability of the bladder to fully urinate |
| Anuria | Failure of the kidneys to produce urine |
| Hematuria | Blood in Urine |
| Dysuria | Painful or difficult urination. |
| Nocturia | Waking up during the night to urinate. |
| Polyuria | Producing a large amount of urine. |
| Oliguria | Producing very little urine. |
| Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP) | a commonly ordered diagnostic test that measures electrolytes, carbon dioxide, glucose, and renal function. |
| Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) | a blood test that measures the amount of urea nitrogen in your blood and checks how well the kidneys are removing waste from the blood. |
| Lipid profile testing | Testing that checks lipid amount in the body; such as LDL (low-density lipoprotein) levels, HDL (high density lipoprotein) levels, cholesterol. |
| Liver function test | A test that measures serum levels, albumin, bilirubin, and many other liver enzymes |
| Urinalysis | a frequent diagnostic test used to find a urinary tract infection (UTI), and also helps detect other issues in the body outside of the renal system. |
| Hemoccult | A testing strip/slide that detects presence of fecal occult blood in the GI tract |
| Steatorrhea | A test that checks for too much fat in the stool |
| Culture and Sensitivity | When an infection is suspected, culture specimens can be obtained from body fluids to identify the pathogen responsible. Common sources of this collection are blood, throat, sputum, stool, urine, and wounds. |
| Radiography | Using X-rays to take pictures inside the body, usually of bones or organs. |
| Mammogram | An X-ray picture of the breasts used to check for breast cancer or other problems. |
| CT Scan | A detailed X-ray scan that creates cross-sectional pictures of the inside of the body |
| MRI Scan | A scan that uses magnets and radio waves to create detailed pictures of organs and tissues. |
| Pet Scan | A scan that shows how organs and tissues are working by using a small amount of radioactive material |
| ECG Scan | A test that records the electrical activity of the heart to check heart rhythm and function. |
| Ultrasound | A test that uses sound waves to create pictures of organs, tissues, or a baby during pregnancy. |
| Needle Aspiration | A procedure that removes fluid and tissue for testing |
| Paracentissies | A procedure that involves removing ascites fluid from the peritoneal cavity |
| Thoracentesis | A procedure that removes fluid from the pleural space |
| Biopsy | a procedure where a small sample of tissue or cells is removed from the body so it can be examined under a microscope. This helps detect possible cancers, infection, or diseases. |
| Arthroscopy | A procedure where a small camera is inserted into a joint to look for damage or problems. |
| Bronchoscopy | A procedure that uses a small camera tube to look inside the lungs and airways. |
| Sigmoid Scopy | A procedure that uses a camera tube to look at the lower part of the colon and rectum. |
| Cytoscopy | A procedure that uses a small camera tube to look inside the bladder and urethra. |
| Laproscopy | A procedure where a small camera is inserted through small cuts in the abdomen to look at organs inside the belly or perform surgery. |
| Bone Marrow Aspiration | A procedure where a small sample of bone marrow is removed, usually from the hip bone, to check blood cell production or disease. |
| Lumbar Puncture | A procedure where a needle is inserted into the lower back to collect spinal fluid for testing. This is a sterile procedure, you must insert needle in the 3rd, 4th, or 5th vertebrae. Client must lay flat to avoid headache. Can also result in meningitis |
| Venipuncture | Insertion of needles directly into the vein and withdrawal of the needed amount of blood. |
| 24-Urine Collection | For this procedure you have to collect urine in a 24 hour time span. The first urine is supposed to be thrown away then the 24 hour collection starts. Once the 24 hours of urine is done, refrigerate the urine. Restart if there is forgotten pissed. |
| Types of Urine Specimens | clean-voided, clean catch, straight catheterization, indwelling catheter |
| Purpose of Urine Testing | Specific Gravity, pH level, glucose level, ketones, protein, occult blood, osmolarity |
| Stool Collection | A test where a poop sample is collected to check for problems like blood, bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Keep everything clean to avoid contamination, send the sample to the lab right away, and restart if the sample becomes contaminated. |
| Sputum Collection | A procedure that collects mucus from the lungs/bronchial tubes/trachea to see if there is possible infection or inflammation |
| Nasopharyngeal Swab | A long swab is inserted into the nose to collect mucus from the back of the nose and throat for testing. |
| Throat culture | A swab is rubbed on the back of the throat to check for infection, such as strep throat. |
| Wound Discharge Collection | Fluid or pus from a wound is collected to test for infection. |
| Spinal Tap | A needle is inserted into the lower back to collect spinal fluid for testing. Also called a lumbar puncture. |
| Aspiration | Removal of fluid, air, or tissue from the body using a needle or suction. |
| Biopsies | Removal of a small tissue sample from the body to check for disease. |
| Needle Biopsies | A biopsy done using a needle to remove a small tissue sample for testing. |
| Guaiac smear | A type of lab test that helps detects the presence of blood could indicate ulcers, inflammation, or tumors |
| Thoracentesis | A procedure where a needle is inserted into the space around the lungs to remove extra fluid or air for testing or to help breathing. |
| Pleural Effusion | A buildup of extra fluid around the lungs that can make it hard to breathe. |
| V/Q Lung Scan | looks at how well gas and blood are traveling through the lungs |
| Angiography | invasive procedure; uses radiopaque dye, fluoroscopy and x-rays to view the flow through the vessels |
| Ultrasonography | noninvasive test that uses reflected sound waves to visualize the kidneys |
| Retrograde pyelography | contrast medium is instilled directly into the kidney via the urethra, bladder, & ureters to visualize urinary/kidney structures. |
| Anoscopy | visualizing the anus |
| Proctoscopy | viewing the rectum |
| Proctosigmoidoscopy | viewing the rectum and sigmoid colon |
| Barium | A radiopaque substance that helps with the visualization of the GI tract. Patient stool may have a chalk/white color after a few days of a barium swallow |
Created by:
Amaefule