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Drugs endocrine
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| acromegaly | Abnormal growth of the bones of the face, hands, feet, and soft tissue that occurs after puberty; it is caused by hypersecretion of human growth hormone (hGH). |
| calcitonin | A hormone produced in the parafollicular cells (C cells) of the thyroid gland that participates in regulating the blood level of calcium and stimulates bone mineralization. |
| catecholamines | A group of sympathomimetic compounds, some of which are produced naturally by the body, and function as key neurological chemicals. |
| corticosteroids | A group of hormones produced by the adrenal cortex that influence or control key processes of the body. |
| cretinism | A congenital condition characterized by severe hypothyroidism that is often associated with other endocrine abnormalities. |
| diabetes mellitus | A complex disorder of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism that is primarily a result of a deficiency or complete lack of insulin secretion by the beta cells of the pancreas, or resistance to insulin. |
| dwarfism | The abnormal underdevelopment of the body that occurs during childhood, commonly because of hyposecretion of growth hormone; it may be caused by many other conditions, including kidney disease and metabolic disorders. |
| gigantism | Abnormally large growth of body tissue due to an excess of growth hormone during childhood. |
| glucagon | An important hormone involved in carbohydrate metabolism; it is antagonistic to insulin. |
| Graves’ disease | A condition of primary hyperthyroidism; it is characterized by a diffuse goiter and exophthalmos (a bulging of the eyes anteriorly out of the eye orbits). |
| growth hormone | A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in response to growth hormone-releasing hormone. Its secretion is controlled in part by the hypothalamus. |
| hormones | Natural chemical substances secreted into the bloodstream from the endocrine glands; they regulate and control organ and tissue activity. |
| hyperglycemia | Abnormally increased content of glucose in the blood. |
| insulin | A hormone that extensively affects metabolism and many other body systems; it is secreted when the blood glucose level rises. |
| islets of Langerhans | Clusters of cells within the pancreas that produce insulin, glucagon, and pancreatic polypeptide. |
| melatonin | A substance formed by the pineal gland that is involved in the circadian rhythms. |
| myxedema | The most severe form of hypothyroidism. |
| neurohypophysis | Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. |
| pituitary gland | An endocrine gland suspended beneath the brain in the sphenoid bone, supplying numerous hormones that govern many vital processes. |
| prolactin | A hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland; after parturition, it is essential for the initiation and maintenance of milk production. |
| thymosin | A naturally occurring immunological hormone secreted by the thymus gland. |
| thyroxine | A hormone of the thyroid gland that stimulates the metabolic rate. |
| vasopressin | A hormone that decreases the production of urine by increasing the reabsorption of water by the renal tubules; it is also called antidiuretic hormone. |
| hypothalamus | Releasing and inhibiting hormones such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) |
| Anterior Pituitary | Growth hormone (GH; hGH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Prolactin (PRL) Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) |
| posterior pituitary (hormone storage site) | Oxytocin (OT) Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone—ADH) |
| pineal | Melatonin |
| thyroid | Thyroid hormones Thyroxine and triiodothyronine ( and ) Calcitonin |
| parathyroid | Parathyroid hormone |
| thymus | Thymosin |
| pancreas (islets of Langerhans) | Insulin Glucagon |
| adrenal cortex | Cortisol (a glucocorticoid) Aldosterone (a mineralocorticoid) Androgens |
| adrenal medulla | Epinephrine Norepinephrine |
| testes | Testosterone |
| ovaries | Estrogen Progesterone |
| Hypothalamus job | main integrative center for the endocrine and autonomic nervous systems. The hypothalamus helps control some endocrine glands by neural and hormonal pathways. Neural pathways connect the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary gland. |
| Pituitary Gland job | The pituitary gland is small and is situated at the base of the brain. It is also called the “master gland.” It secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream to control and regulate the other endocrine glands. |
| Anterior Pituitary Gland job | particularly important in sustaining life. |
| Growth Hormone | Growth hormone (somatotropin) promotes body growth by stimulating cells to increase in size and divide rapidly. |
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone | stimulates the growth of the adrenal gland cortex and the secretion of corticosteroids. Under normal conditions, a diurnal rhythm occurs, with an increase beginning after the first few hours of sleep and reaching a peak at the time a person awakens. |
| Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone | controls the release of thyroid hormone and is necessary for the growth and function of the thyroid gland. Stimulates the thyroid gland increase the uptake of iodine and increase the synthesis and release of thyroid hormones. |
| Follicle-Stimulating Hormone | Follicle-stimulating hormone controls development of the ova in the ovaries and sperm in the testes. It also stimulates the ovaries to secrete estrogen. |
| Luteinizing Hormone | Luteinizing hormone stimulates sex hormone secretion in both genders (progesterone in the female and testosterone in the male), as well as plays a role in release of the ova from the ovaries in females. |
| Prolactin | Prolactin stimulates milk production in the female breasts after pregnancy and delivery of an infant. |
| Posterior Pituitary Gland | or the neurohypophysis , is the release point of antidiuretic hormone (ADH, or vasopressin) and oxytocin. The neurohypophysis releases ADH when stimulated by the hypothalamus. The hormone acts on the distal and collecting tubules of the kidneys. |
| Pineal Gland | part of the thalamus area of the brain, and it has a pinecone shape. It secretes melatonin , which is a hormone that helps to regulate the body’s circadian rhythm. |
| Thyroid Gland | The thyroid gland secretes three hormones essential for proper regulation of metabolism . Through its hormone thyroxine, the thyroid gland governs cellular oxygen consumption, and thus, energy and heat production. |
| Parathyroid Glands | Four tiny parathyroid glands lie along the posterior (dorsal) surface of the thyroid gland |
| Thymus Gland | The thymus gland is located in the mediastinal cavity, and is both superior and anterior to the heart. It plays an important role in “kick-starting” the immune system following birth |
| Adrenal Glands | The adrenal glands are located at the top of each kidney. |
| Pancreas | Accessory organs of the digestive system. The pancreas produces digestive enzymes that are deposited in the duodenum of the small intestine. |
| Hypopituitarism | a deficiency or absence of any of the pituitary hormones, especially those produced by the anterior pituitary lobe. Hypopituitarism leads to growth retardation in children. Causes include a pituitary or hypothalamic tumor |
| Simple Goiter | also known as hyperplasia of the thyroid gland, produces conspicuous swelling of the anterior neck |
| Antithyroid Preparations | methimazoleole Tapazole® potassium iodide Pima®, SSKI® |
| Calcitonin | calcitonin (salmon) Calcimar®, Miacalcin® |
| Natural Thyroid Replacement | thyroid ( and ) (desiccated) Armour Thyroid®, Thyrar® |
| Synthetic Thyroid Replacement | levothyroxine sodium (thyroxine, ) Levothroid®, Synthroid® liothyronine sodium (triiodothyronine, ) Cytomel®, Triostat liotrix (, ) Euthroid®, Thyrolar® |
| Hashimoto’s Disease | antibodies appear to destroy the thyroid instead of simulating it, making this disorder autoimmune-related. Enlargement of the thyroid occurs due to extensive infiltration by plasma cells and lymphocytes.the glandular tissue is replaced by fibrous tissue |
| Hyperthyroidism | the overproduction of thyroid hormone, causing increased metabolism and changes in multiple body systems |
| Hypothyroidism | iodine-deficient diets. This can result in congenital hypothyroidism, which can lead to mental deficiency. Hypothyroidism is very common and may occur in families. |
| Hyperparathyroidism | increased parathyroid hormone secretion in the bloodstream. It can originate from one or several of the four parathyroid glands, usually because of a benign tumor. |
| Hypoparathyroidism | caused by malfunction of the parathyroid glands. It is often due to damage of these glands that occurs during thyroid surgery. Hypocalcemia develops, which then reduces levels of vitamin D |
| Cushing’s Syndrome | chronic hypersecretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex. It results in excessive circulating levels of cortisol. Cushing’s syndrome may be caused by hyperplasia or tumors of the pituitary gland or adrenal gland |
| Hyperaldosteronism | excessive aldosterone secretion from the cortices of the adrenal glands. Primary hyperaldosteronism is caused by an abnormality of the adrenal cortex. Secondary hyperaldosteronism is caused by some stimulus that is outside of the adrenal glands |
| Addison’s Disease | Addison’s disease is partial or total failure of adrenocortical function. Its onset is usually gradual, with progressive destruction of the adrenal glands and the resulting reduction of many important hormones that they secrete |
| Gestational Diabetes | also known as type 3 diabetes, is a condition that develops in many women during pregnancy. Elevated levels of estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy appear to play a role by blocking the effects of insulin |
| Diabetes Drugs | Humulin N and Novolin N: Onset of 1 to 2 hours, duration of 16 to 24 hours, concentration of 100 units per mL // Humulin R, U-500: Onset of 30 minutes, duration of 12 to 24 hours, concentration of 500 units per mL, expiration of pens 28 days |
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