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Social 26-27
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Social Psychology | The scientific study of how humans think about, influence, and relate to each other. |
| Attribution Theory | The theory that we explain behavior by crediting either internal personality traits (dispositional) or external situations (situational). |
| Dispositional Attribution | Attributing a person's behavior to their internal qualities, such as personality, motives, or intelligence. |
| Situational Attribution | Attributing a person's behavior to external circumstances or environmental factors. |
| Explanatory Style | A predictable pattern of how an individual explains good and bad events in their life and the lives of others. |
| Optimistic Explanatory Style | attributing positive events to their own stable, global, and internal factors and attributing negative events to external, unstable, and specific factors; promotes resilience and a positive outlook |
| Pessimistic Explanatory Style | attributing negative events to their own stable, global, and internal factors and attributing positive events to external, unstable, and specific factors; can lead to learned helplessness and depression |
| Attribution Bias | Systematic errors made when judging the causes of behavior, often overemphasizing or underemphasizing internal versus external factors. |
| Fundamental Attribution Error | The tendency for observers to overestimate dispositional influences and underestimate situational influences when analyzing another person's behavior. |
| Actor/Observer Bias | The tendency to attribute our own actions to situational factors while attributing others' behaviors to dispositional factors. |
| Self-Serving Bias | The tendency to attribute our successes to internal, dispositional factors and our failures to external, situational factors. |
| Internal Locus of Control | The belief that one has personal control over their own life outcomes through their own choices and efforts. |
| External Locus of Control | The belief that one's life outcomes are determined by external forces beyond their control, such as luck, fate, or other people. |
| Person Perception | The process of forming impressions, drawing conclusions, and making judgments about other people. |
| Self-Fulfilling Prophecy | A process where a person's expectations about another individual lead that individual to behave in ways that confirm those original expectations. |
| Social Comparison | Evaluating oneself, including one's abilities, opinions, and beliefs, by comparing oneself to other members of society. |
| Upward Social Comparison | Comparing oneself to individuals who are perceived as superior or more successful, which can motivate or cause feelings of inadequacy. |
| Downward Social Comparison | Comparing oneself to individuals who are perceived as less fortunate or less successful to boost self-esteem. |
| Relative Deprivation | The perception that one is worse off relative to the specific people with whom one compares oneself. |
| Mere Exposure Effect | The phenomenon where repeated exposure to a novel stimulus increases our liking of it. |
| Attitude Formation | The process by which individuals develop evaluations of people, objects, or issues through direct experience, learning, or socialization. |
| Elaboration Likelihood Model | A dual-process theory stating that persuasion occurs via two main routes: the central route or the peripheral route. |
| Peripheral Route to Persuasion | Persuasion that occurs when people are influenced by incidental, superficial cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness or celebrity status. |
| Halo Effect | A cognitive bias where an initial positive impression of a person in one area leads to positive evaluations of their other traits. |
| Central Route to Persuasion | Persuasion that occurs when interested people focus on the actual arguments, facts, and evidence presented. |
| Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon | A compliance technique where agreeing to a small initial request increases the likelihood of agreeing to a larger request later. |
| Door-in-the-Face Phenomenon | A compliance technique where making an unrealistically large request that will be rejected makes a subsequent, smaller request seem more reasonable and acceptable. |
| Role | A set of expectations and defined behaviors about how a person in a given social position ought to behave. |
| Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment | A famous simulation study demonstrating how drastically assigned roles (guards vs. prisoners) can alter human behavior and attitudes. |
| Belief Perseverance | Clinging to one's initial conceptions or beliefs even after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. |
| Confirmation Bias | The tendency to search for, interpret, and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs while ignoring contradictory evidence. |
| Cognitive Dissonance Theory | The theory that we experience psychological discomfort when our actions and attitudes conflict, motivating us to alter our attitudes to match our actions. |
| Conformity | Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard or unspoken rule. |
| Asch's Conformity Study | A famous experiment using line-length judgments to measure how social pressure causes individuals to conform. |
| Social Influence Theory | The framework proposing that social pressure can lead to behavioral and mental changes, driven by normative or informational factors. |
| Normative Social Influence | Conforming out of a desire to gain approval, fit in, or avoid social rejection. |
| Informational Social Influence | Conforming out of a desire to be correct, occurring when we accept others' opinions about reality because we view them as a source of accurate information. |
| Milgram's Shock Study | A famous experiment measuring obedience, where participants were ordered by an authority figure to deliver increasingly severe electrical shocks to a learner. |
| Obedience | Changing one's behavior or complying with a direct order from an explicit authority figure. |
| Individualism | A cultural value that prioritizes personal autonomy, independence, and individual achievement over group goals. |
| Collectivism | A cultural value that prioritizes group harmony, interdependence, and social obligations over individual desires. |
| Multiculturalism | The recognition, appreciation, and respect for diverse cultural backgrounds and perspectives within a society. |
| False Consensus Effect | The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our opinions, beliefs, and behaviors. |
| Social Facilitation | Improved performance on well-learned or simple tasks when in the presence of others. |
| Social Inhibition (aka Social Impairment) | Worsened performance on difficult or unfamiliar tasks when in the presence of others. |
| Social Loafing | The tendency for individuals to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward a common group goal than when individually accountable. |
| Deindividuation | The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster high arousal and anonymity. |
| Group Polarization | The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within a like-minded group. |
| Groupthink | A mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. |
| Social Control vs. Personal Control | Social control refers to the power of the situational environment to regulate behavior, whereas personal control refers to the power of the individual to resist situational forces. |
| Social Norms | Understood rules and expectations for accepted and expected behavior within a specific culture or group. |
| Prejudice | An unjustifiable, usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. |
| Stereotype | A generalized belief or concept about a group of people, which can serve to reduce cognitive load but often outcomes in biased perceptions. |
| Cognitive Load | The total amount of mental effort being used in working memory; high load increases reliance on stereotypes to save mental energy. |
| Biased Perceptions | Subjective, distorted interpretations of reality influenced by cognitive biases, personal schemas, and social factors. |
| Discrimination | Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members based purely on group membership. |
| Just-World Phenomenon | The tendency for people to believe the world is fair and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. |
| Outgroup Homogeneity Bias | The tendency to view members of an outgroup as being highly similar to one another ("they are all alike") while viewing ingroup members as diverse. |
| Ingroup Bias | The tendency to favor our own group over groups to which we do not belong. |
| Ethnocentrism | The tendency to view one's own culture as superior and to judge other cultures solely by the standards of one's own culture. |
| Implicit Attitude | Evaluations or beliefs that individuals hold toward a group or object that they are consciously unaware of or do not openly acknowledge. |
| Social Script | A culturally modeled guide or mental file for how to act in various social situations. |
| Altruism | Unselfish regard for and devotion to the welfare of others. |
| Prosocial Behavior | Any behavior intended to help, benefit, or cooperate with others. |
| Social Debt | A feeling of obligation to return a favor or benefit after receiving help from someone else. |
| Social Exchange Theory | The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. |
| Diffusion of Responsibility | The phenomenon where individuals feel less personally accountable to take action in an emergency because other potential actors are present. |
| Bystander Effect | The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present. |
| Reciprocity Norm | An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them. |
| Social Responsibility Norm | An expectation that people will help those who are dependent on them or who genuinely need assistance. |
| Social Traps | A situation in which conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior. |
| Prisoner's Dilemma | A game theory framework illustrating how two self-interested parties often fail to cooperate, even when cooperation would yield the best collective outcome. |
| Superordinate Goals | Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation to achieve. |
| Sociocultural Perspective | A psychological approach proposing that the causes of behavior and mental disorders stem from social and cultural relationships, dynamics, and environmental influences. |
| Biopsychosocial Model | An integrated model incorporating biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors to explain human behavior and mental health disorders. |
Created by:
lcurty100