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Motivation 26-27
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Motivation | A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior. |
| Instinct | A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned. Humans do not demonstrate true instinctual behaviors because our developed frontal lobe allows us to override rigid, unlearned patterns. |
| Drive-Reduction Theory | The theory that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need and maintain homeostasis. |
| Drive | An aroused state of tension that motivates an organism to satisfy a physiological need. |
| Homeostasis | A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state. |
| Incentive Motivation | A positive or negative environmental stimulus that pulls an organism toward a behavior. |
| Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs | A framework proposing that basic physical needs must be fulfilled before individuals can pursue higher-level psychological needs. |
| Self-Determination Theory | A theory of motivation proposing that people are driven by intrinsic or extrinsic motivations to achieve psychological growth. |
| Intrinsic Motivation | A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake. |
| Extrinsic Motivation | A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment. |
| Optimal Arousal Theory | The idea that people are motivated to perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of physiological arousal. |
| Yerkes-Dodson Law | The principle that performance increases with physiological arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases; a moderate amount of arousal yields the best performance. |
| Lewin's Motivational Conflicts Theory | A theory proposing that choices create competing forces that an individual must resolve, serving as the basis of motivation. |
| Approach-Approach Conflict | In Lewin's Motivational Conflicts Theory, a choice situation where an individual must choose between two desirable, mutually exclusive outcomes. 2 good choices (Win-Win, but you can only pick one). |
| Approach-Avoidance Conflict | In Lewin's Motivational Conflicts Theory, a choice situation where an individual is attracted to and repulsed by elements of the same single goal or situation. Only one event or choice, but it has both a major upside and a major downside. |
| Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict | In Lewin's Motivational Conflicts Theory, a choice situation where an individual must choose between two different undesirable outcomes. 2 bad choices (Lose-Lose). |
| Sensation-Seeking Theory | A theory proposing that an individual's level of need for varied, novel, complex, and intense experiences is the basis of motivation. |
| Experience Seeking | A component of sensation-seeking theory involving the desire for novel and varied mental and sensory experiences, often through nonconforming lifestyles. |
| Thrill or Adventure Seeking | A component of sensation-seeking theory involving the desire to engage in physical activities involving speed, risk, or danger. |
| Disinhibition | A component of sensation-seeking theory involving the tendency to seek release and gratification through uninhibited social behaviors. |
| Boredom Susceptibility | A component of sensation-seeking theory reflecting an aversion to repetitive experiences and a need for constant change. |
| Humanistic Therapy | A therapeutic approach that focuses on an individual's conscious self-awareness, personal growth, and potential for self-actualization. Views distress as a temporary barrier blocking an individual's natural path toward fulfilling their potential. |
| Humanistic Perspective | A psychological viewpoint emphasizing human potential, personal growth, and the fulfillment of one's potential (self actualization). Views psychological disorders as stemming from lack of social support and an inability to fulfill one's potential. |
| Person-Centered Therapy | A humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers that focuses on the client's own self-healing capacities. Those receiving this therapy are called clients rather than patients. |
| Active Listening | A therapeutic technique where the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies what the client expresses. |
| Unconditional Positive Regard | A caring, accepting, and nonjudgmental attitude believed to help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance. |
| Satiety | The state of feeling full or satisfied after eating, which inhibits the desire to consume more food. |
| Hypothalamus | The brain structure that regulates the endocrine system and governs hunger, satiety, and body temperature via the pituitary gland. |
| Appetite Hormones | Chemical messengers regulated by the hypothalamus that signal hunger or fullness to the body. |
| Ghrelin | A hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach. |
| Insulin | A hormone secreted by the pancreas that controls blood glucose levels. |
| Leptin | A protein hormone secreted by fat cells that causes the brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger. |
| Lateral Hypothalamus | The region of the hypothalamus that triggers the sensation of hunger when stimulated. |
| Ventromedial Hypothalamus | The region of the hypothalamus that triggers the sensation of satiety when stimulated. |
| Set Point | The biologically determined weight range or thermostat that the body tries to maintain by altering hunger and metabolic rate. |
| Basal Metabolic Rate | The body's resting rate of energy expenditure. |
| Affiliation Need | The human psychological need to build relationships and feel a sense of belonging. |
| Belongingness | The feeling of security and support that comes from being connected to and accepted by others. |
| Anorexia Nervosa | An eating disorder characterized by an altered consumption of food leading to significantly low body weight, accompanied by an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image. |
| Bulimia Nervosa | An eating disorder characterized by episodes of binging (consuming large amounts of food) followed by compensatory behaviors such as purging, fasting, or excessive exercise. |
| Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology | The subfield of psychology that applies psychological principles to study workplace environments, structures, and employee dynamics. |
| Management Styles | The characteristic approaches leaders use to direct, organize, and motivate personnel (Task Leadership vs. Social Leadership). |
| Burnout | A state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion caused by excessive and prolonged workplace stress. |
| Emotion | A complex psychological process involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience, distinguished from reasoning or knowledge. |
| Affect | The experience of feeling or emotion, often evaluated by how positive or negative it is and how much physiological arousal it causes. |
| Successive Experience of Emotion | The theoretical view that the physiological response occurs first, and the conscious emotional experience follows in sequence. |
| Simultaneous Experience of Emotion | The theoretical view that an emotion-arousing stimulus triggers a physiological response and a subjective emotional experience at the exact same time. |
| Two Factor Experience of Emotion | The theoretical view that to experience emotion, one must be physically aroused and then consciously identify and cognitively label the reason for that arousal. |
| Cognitive Appraisal | The process of evaluating, interpreting, and labeling the meaning of a stimulus, which determines the nature of the resulting emotional response. |
| Broaden-and-Build Theory | A theory proposing that positive emotions broaden an individual's awareness and encourage new thoughts and actions, while negative emotions narrow thinking and focus. |
| Izard's 10 Basic Emotions | A classification of ten primary emotions (such as joy, interest, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, and guilt), most of which are present from infancy. |
| Ekman's Emotional Expression | Research in facial expressions across cultures revealed evidence that basic emotions are universally expressed and recognized. |
| Display Rules | Culturally and socially determined norms that regulate how, when, and to whom people can display or mask their emotions. |
| Elicitors | Environmental events, stimuli, or social situations that trigger specific emotional expressions based on cultural or demographic norms. |
| Facial Feedback | The hypothesis that skeletal muscle movements in the face influence or trigger the subjective experience of emotion. |
| Behavior Feedback | The hypothesis that body postures, gestures, and movements influence or trigger corresponding emotional states. |
| Psychodynamic Theory of Personality | A perspective proposing that personality is driven by unconscious processes, internal conflicts, and childhood experiences. |
| Id | One of the three structural components of personality according to Freud: operates on the pleasure principle (unconscious desires) |
| Ego | One of the three structural components of personality according to Freud: operates on the reality principle (mediator) |
| Superego | One of the three structural components of personality according to Freud: operates on the moral principle (conscience). |
| Ego Defense Mechanisms | Unconscious tactics that protect the ego from anxiety by distorting reality. |
| Denial | One of the Ego Defense Mechanisms: refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities. |
| Displacement | One of the Ego Defense Mechanisms: shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person. |
| Projection | One of the Ego Defense Mechanisms: disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others. (Point at someone else and say, "No, YOU feel this way!") |
| Rationalization | One of the Ego Defense Mechanisms: offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions. |
| Reaction Formation | One of the Ego Defense Mechanisms: switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites. (ex: you hate someone, so you act excessively sweet and overly friendly to their face) |
| Regression | One of the Ego Defense Mechanisms: retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated. |
| Repression | One of the Ego Defense Mechanisms: banishing anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. |
| Sublimation | One of the Ego Defense Mechanisms: channeling unacceptable impulses into socially valued and productive activities. |
| Projective Tests | Personality assessments based on Psychodynamic Theory that are designed to probe the preconscious and unconscious mind by asking individuals to interpret ambiguous stimuli. |
| Preconscious Mind | In Psychodynamic Theory, an aspect of the mind containing thoughts and memories that are not currently in conscious awareness but can be easily recalled. |
| Unconscious Mind | In Psychodynamic Theory, an aspect of the mind that is a reservoir of unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories that are hidden from conscious awareness by the ego's defense mechanisms. |
| Humanistic Theory of Personality | A perspective emphasizing that personality focuses on unconditional regard and an inherent self-actualizing tendency as primary motivating factors. |
| Unconditional Regard | An attitude of total acceptance toward another person, fostering healthy self-concept development. Needed to achieve self-actualization. |
| Self-Actualizing Tendency | The innate drive to fulfill one's unique potential and capabilities. |
| Social-Cognitive Theory of Personality | A perspective emphasizing that personality is shaped by the interaction of cognitive factors, behaviors, and environmental contexts. |
| Reciprocal Determinism | The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment that shape personality. |
| Self-Concept | How individuals view themselves, both independently and in relation to others. |
| Self-Efficacy | An individual's belief in their own capability to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments. ("I believe I can pass this AP exam") |
| Self-Esteem | An individual's overall subjective evaluation of their own worth or value. ("I am a good, valuable person") |
| Trait Theories of Personality | Perspectives concluding that personality involves a set of enduring, stable characteristics that lead to typical responses to stimuli. |
| Big Five Theory of Personality | A model proposing that personality is composed of five broad core traits: Agreeableness, Openness to experience, Extraversion, Conscientiousness, and Emotional Stability (Neuroticism). |
| Personality Inventories | Long questionnaires designed to assess selected personality traits, often utilizing true-false or agree-disagree items. |
| Factor Analysis | A statistical procedure used to identify clusters of related test items to organize responses into overarching traits. |
| Personality Disorders | Inflexible, pervasive, and enduring patterns of internal experience and behavior that deviate markedly from cultural expectations, begin in adolescence or early adulthood, and lead to distress or impairment. |
| Cluster A (Odd/Eccentric Cluster) | A grouping of personality disorders characterized by social awkwardness, social withdrawal, and distorted thinking patterns. |
| Paranoid Personality Disorder | A pattern of pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent. |
| Schizoid Personality Disorder | A pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression. A social loner who wants to be alone and shows flat affect. |
| Schizotypal Personality Disorder | A pattern of acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and eccentricities of behavior. Displays highly eccentric behaviors, magical thinking, or odd beliefs, alongside intense social anxiety. |
| Cluster B (Dramatic/Emotional/Erratic Cluster) | A grouping of personality disorders characterized by difficulties with impulse control, emotional regulation, and interpersonal interactions. |
| Antisocial Personality Disorder | A pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others, characterized by a lack of conscience or remorse. |
| Histrionic Personality Disorder | A pattern of excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior. |
| Narcissistic Personality Disorder | A pattern of grandiosity, an excessive need for admiration, and a lack of empathy. |
| Borderline Personality Disorder | A pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, along with marked impulsivity. |
| Cluster C (Anxious/Fearful Cluster) | A grouping of personality disorders characterized by high levels of anxiety, fearfulness, and dependency. |
| Avoidant Personality Disorder | A pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation. |
| Dependent Personality Disorder | A pattern of submissive and clinging behavior related to an excessive need to be taken care of. |
| Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder | A pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility and efficiency. |
| Psychodynamic Perspective | A therapeutic viewpoint proposing that psychological disorders stem from unresolved unconscious conflicts and early childhood experiences. |
| Psychodynamic Therapies | A group of psychological treatment techniques that focus on uncovering and resolving hidden, unconscious conflicts and defense mechanisms that typically stem from early childhood experiences. |
| Free Association | A psychodynamic technique where the patient speaks freely, uttering whatever thoughts, images, or words come to mind without editing, to uncover unconscious material. |
| Dream Interpretation | A psychodynamic technique used to analyze the symbolic, latent content of dreams to reveal hidden unconscious conflicts and desires. |
Created by:
lcurty100