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Behaviorism 26-27
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Learning | The process of acquiring new behaviors. |
| Habituation | A diminished response to a repeated or enduring stimulus as an organism grows accustomed to it. |
| Conditioning | A process where an organism learns an association between environmental stimuli and behavioral responses. |
| Associative Learning | Learning that certain events occur together. |
| Classical Conditioning | A type of learning that focuses on the association of one stimulus with another stimulus to elicit a response. |
| Stimulus | Any event or situation that causes an organism to respond. |
| Cognitive Learning | The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, watching others, or through language. |
| Ivan Pavlov | Russian physiologist who discovered the principles of classical conditioning through his famous studies on the salivation reflex in dogs. |
| Behaviorism | The perspective that psychology should be an objective science that studies only observable behavior to the exclusion of mental processes. |
| Neutral Stimulus (NS) | A stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning occurs. |
| Reflex | An automatic, involuntary response to a stimulus. |
| Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) | A stimulus that naturally and automatically elicits an unconditioned response. |
| Unconditioned response (UCR) | The unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus. If the response is triggered by the natural stimulus (food/loud noise), it is this. |
| Conditioned stimulus (CS) | A previously neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response. |
| Conditioned response (CR) | The learned response to a previously neutral, but now conditioned, stimulus. If the response is triggered by the learned cue (bell/white rat), it is this. |
| Acquisition | The initial stage of learning during classical conditioning when an organism links a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus. |
| Higher-Order Conditioning (Second-Order Conditioning) | A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second, weaker conditioned stimulus. |
| Extinction | The diminishing of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus. |
| Spontaneous Recovery | The reappearance of a formerly extinct conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented again after a period of time. |
| Generalization | The tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit the conditioned response. |
| Discrimination | The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli. |
| Watson's Little Albert Experiment | A famous study demonstrating that emotional responses, such as fear, can be classically conditioned in humans. |
| Respondent Behavior | An automatic response to a stimulus that occurs as a characteristic of classical conditioning. |
| Predisposition / Preparedness | A species-specific biological readiness to learn certain stimulus-response associations more quickly than others because they aid survival. |
| Operant Conditioning | A type of learning that focuses on associating behavioral choices with environmental consequences (reinforcement and punishment). |
| Robert Rescorla | Psychologist who argued that conditioning involves cognitive processes; developed the contingency model showing that an animal assesses the predictive value of a stimulus. |
| Contingency Model | A cognitive view of conditioning stating that learning depends on how reliably a conditioned stimulus predicts the arrival of an unconditioned stimulus. |
| Thorndike's Law of Effect | The principle stating that behaviors followed by reinforcing consequences are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors followed by punishing consequences are less likely to be repeated. |
| Operant chamber (Skinner Box) | A chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water, used to study operant conditioning. |
| Shaping | Gradually molding a behavior by rewarding successive approximations of the desired behavior. |
| Stimulus Discrimination | The ability to differentiate between a stimulus that signals reinforcement and other stimuli that do not. |
| Reinforcement (Pos + Neg) | Any consequence that strengthens the behavior it follows; positive reinforcement adds a desirable stimulus, while negative reinforcement removes an aversive stimulus. |
| Primary Reinforcer | An innately reinforcing stimulus that naturally satisfies a biological need, such as food or water. |
| Conditioned Reinforcer | aka Secondary Reinforcer; A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its learned association with a primary reinforcer. |
| Reinforcement Schedules | Rules determining how often and when a desired behavioral response will be reinforced. |
| Continuous Reinforcement | Delivering a reinforcement for each and every correct behavior performed. |
| Partial (intermittent) reinforcement | Reinforcing a behavior only some of the time, resulting in greater resistance to extinction. |
| Fixed Ratio Schedule | Delivering reinforcement after a set, predictable number of behavioral responses. |
| Fixed Interval Schedule | Delivering reinforcement after a set, predictable amount of time has passed. |
| Variable Ratio Schedule | Delivering reinforcement after an unpredictable, random number of behavioral responses. |
| Variable Interval Schedule | Delivering reinforcement after an unpredictable, random amount of time has passed. |
| Punishment | Any consequence that decreases the likelihood of the behavior it follows. |
| Positive Punishment | Decreasing a behavior by adding an unpleasant or aversive stimulus. |
| Negative Punishment | Decreasing a behavior by removing a pleasant or desirable stimulus. |
| Operant Behavior | Behavior that operates on the environment, producing rewarding or punishing consequences. |
| Overjustification Effect | The phenomenon where offering external rewards for a behavior ruins an individual's intrinsic motivation to perform it. |
| John Garcia's Taste Aversion | Research demonstrating that rats biologically avoid strong-tasting substances paired with nausea, proving that some associations are learned in a single trial due to biological preparedness. |
| Aversive Conditioning | A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol). |
| Learned Helplessness | The passive resignation an organism learns when it perceives it has no control over avoiding aversive consequences. |
| Edward Tolman's Latent Learning | Learning that occurs without immediate reinforcement and is not evident until there is an incentive to display it. |
| Cognitive Map | A mental representation of the layout of one's environment, often demonstrated through latent learning. |
| Insight Learning | A sudden realization of a problem's solution without any prior association, consequence, or model present. |
| Observational Learning | A form of learning that occurs by watching and copying the behaviors of others without requiring personal experience with a consequence. |
| Bandura's Social Learning Theory | Theory that behavior is learned through observation. Children do not need to be directly rewarded to learn a behavior; simply watching a model receive a reward or punishment (vicarious conditioning) alters whether the observer will imitate the behavior. |
| Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment | A study demonstrating that children observe and imitate aggressive behaviors displayed by adult models. |
| Modeling | The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior. |
| Mirror Neurons | Frontal lobe neurons that fire both when performing certain actions and when observing another do so, providing a neural basis for observational learning. |
| Prosocial Behavior | Positive, constructive, and helpful social behavior. |
| Antisocial Behavior | Disruptive, aggressive, or harmful social behavior. |
| Vicarious Reinforcement/Punishment | Watching a model receive a reward or punishment alters whether the observer will imitate the behavior. Children do not need to be directly rewarded to learn a behavior. |
| Specific phobia | An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation. |
| Agoraphobia | Fear of specific social situations where escape might be difficult, including public transportation, open spaces, enclosed spaces, crowds, or being outside the home alone. Fear of not being able to escape a place or situation if panic symptoms strike. |
| Acrophobia | A specific phobia characterized by an intense, irrational fear of heights. |
| Arachnophobia | A specific phobia characterized by an intense, irrational fear of spiders. |
| Panic disorder | An anxiety disorder characterized by unpredictable, recurrent panic attacks and persistent worry about future attacks. |
| Social anxiety disorder | An anxiety disorder involving an intense fear of being judged, scrutinized, or watched by others in social situations. |
| Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) | An anxiety disorder characterized by prolonged, excessive, and uncontrollable experiences of nonspecific anxiety or fear. |
| Panic attacks | Unanticipated and overwhelming biological, cognitive, and emotional experiences of extreme fear accompanied by physical symptoms like a racing heart or dizziness. Feels like a heart attack. |
| Culture-bound anxiety disorder | A psychological disorder or combination of symptoms that is recognized as a disease entity only within a specific cultural group. |
| Ataque de nervios | A culture-bound anxiety disorder experienced mainly by people of Caribbean or Iberian descent, manifested by crying, trembling, uncontrollable screaming, and a sense of being out of control. |
| Taijin kyofusho | A culture-bound anxiety disorder experienced mainly by Japanese people, in which individuals fear that their bodies or bodily functions are undesirable, offensive, or unpleasing to others. |
| Obsessions | Persistent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts, ideas, or impulses that cause distress and anxiety. |
| Compulsions | Intrusive, repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels driven to perform in order to address or reduce the anxiety caused by obsessions. Because the behavior successfully removes the distress, it is reinforced via negative reinforcement. |
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) | A disorder characterized by the presence of distressing obsessions and time-consuming compulsions. |
| Hoarding disorder | A disorder marked by a persistent difficulty parting with possessions due to a perceived need to save them, leading to an accumulation of items that clutter living spaces. |
| Hypervigilance | An enhanced state of sensory sensitivity and constant alertness to potential threats or dangers in the environment. A trauma response. |
| Flashbacks | Vivid, intrusive reliving of a traumatic event, causing the individual to feel as though the experience is happening again in the present moment. |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | A disorder characterized by exposure to a traumatic event followed by psychological distress, involving flashbacks, nightmares, severe anxiety, and hypervigilance. |
| Applied Behavior Analysis | Therapy that applies operant and classical conditioning to change observable behaviors. Commonly used to treat developmental disabilities and mental disorders by reinforcing desired behaviors and extinguishing maladaptive ones. |
| Behavioral perspective | The psychological viewpoint proposing that mental disorders stem from maladaptive learned associations between responses and stimuli. |
| Exposure therapies | Behavioral treatment techniques that reduce fear and anxiety responses by bringing clients into careful, controlled contact with the feared stimuli. |
| Systematic desensitization | A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. |
| Aversion therapies | Behavioral treatments that pair an unwanted behavior with an unpleasant, noxious stimulus so that the client develops a distaste for the behavior. |
| Token economies | An operant conditioning procedure where clients earn symbolic tokens for exhibiting desired behaviors, which can later be exchanged for privileges or real rewards. |
| Biofeedback | A system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding subtle physiological states, helping clients apply conditioning principles to regulate autonomic body systems. |
| Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies | an integrative treatment approach that combines techniques from the cognitive perspective (changing self-defeating, maladaptive thoughts) and the behavioral perspective (changing unwanted, learned behaviors) to treat mental and behavioral disorders. |
| Eclectic approach | A therapeutic methodology that draws on and blends techniques from multiple psychological perspectives to treat a client. |
| Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) | A cognitive-behavioral treatment that emphasizes the balance between accepting painful emotions and changing destructive behavioral patterns. |
| Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) | A confrontational cognitive-behavioral therapy developed by Albert Ellis that challenges and disputes a client's illogical, self-defeating thoughts and assumptions. |
Created by:
lcurty100