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pathology ch 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the primary function of the respiratory system? Gas exchange | |
| Smallest functional unit of the respiratory system Alveoli | |
| Upper respiratory system includes Nasal cavity; pharynx; larynx | |
| Lower respiratory system includes Trachea; bronchi; bronchioles; alveoli | |
| Where do the bronchi split? Carina (T5) | |
| Where does gas exchange occur? Alveoli | |
| Inner pleural membrane Visceral pleura | |
| Visceral pleura covers Lungs | |
| Outer pleural membrane Parietal pleura | |
| Parietal pleura covers Chest wall | |
| Pleural space Space between parietal and visceral pleura | |
| Purpose of endotracheal tube Keeps airway open | |
| Endotracheal tube insertion Mouth or nose to trachea | |
| Proper placement of endotracheal tube 5–7 cm above carina | |
| Complications of improper ET tube placement Too low → left lung atelectasis; too high or in esophagus | |
| Purpose of central venous catheter Long‑term venous access for meds, fluids, nutrients, blood withdrawal | |
| Central venous catheter insertion Subclavian vein or peripheral arm veins | |
| Proper placement of central venous catheter Where brachiocephalic veins form SVC or within SVC | |
| Complications of improper CVC placement Into jugular vein; too far into right atrium; too far into hepatic veins | |
| Types of central venous catheters PICC line; tunnel catheter; implanted port | |
| Purpose of Swan‑Ganz catheter Detect HF/sepsis; monitor pulmonary artery pressure; evaluate drugs | |
| Swan‑Ganz insertion Pulmonary artery via subclavian vein | |
| Proper placement of Swan‑Ganz Within mediastinum borders | |
| Complication of Swan‑Ganz Pulmonary infarction distal to catheter tip | |
| Purpose of transvenous cardiac pacemaker Maintain heart rhythm | |
| Pacemaker insertion Through subclavian vein into right ventricle | |
| Proper pacemaker placement Apex of right ventricle | |
| Complication of pacemaker misplacement Cardiac sinus (posterior to RV) | |
| Cystic fibrosis definition Sodium/chloride imbalance; thick sticky mucus from exocrine glands | |
| Systems affected by cystic fibrosis Lungs and digestive system | |
| Cause of cystic fibrosis Defective gene on chromosome 7 (CFTR) | |
| Radiographic appearance of cystic fibrosis Irregular thickened lung markings; hyperinflation | |
| Respiratory distress syndrome AKA Hyaline membrane disease | |
| Cause of respiratory distress syndrome Lack of surfactant | |
| Most common cause of newborn respiratory distress RDS | |
| Radiographic appearance of RDS Under‑aeration; ground‑glass; mixed hyperexpansion/collapse | |
| Croup definition Viral infection causing subglottic swelling | |
| Cause of croup Parainfluenza virus | |
| Radiographic appearance of croup Steeple sign; hourglass narrowing | |
| Epiglottitis definition Thickened epiglottis and pharyngeal tissues | |
| Causes of epiglottitis H. influenzae; strep; HSV‑1; varicella | |
| Radiographic appearance of epiglottitis Thumb sign | |
| Condition seen on lateral soft tissue neck Epiglottitis | |
| Pneumonia definition Infection of the lungs | |
| Three patterns of pneumonia Alveolar; bronchopneumonia; interstitial | |
| Alveolar pneumonia affects Alveoli | |
| Bronchopneumonia affects Bronchiolar walls | |
| Interstitial pneumonia affects Walls/lining of alveoli | |
| Radiographic appearance of alveolar pneumonia Cloud‑like fluid accumulation | |
| Radiographic appearance of interstitial pneumonia Shaggy heart sign | |
| Aspiration pneumonia Infection from aspirated material | |
| Three ways to contract anthrax Cutaneous; inhalation; gastrointestinal | |
| Most common anthrax route Cutaneous | |
| Radiographic appearance of anthrax Widened mediastinum; pleural effusion | |
| Lung abscess definition Pus‑filled necrotic pulmonary area | |
| Cause of lung abscess Aspiration of foreign bodies | |
| Radiographic appearance of lung abscess Spherical; dark center; thick white edges; fluid levels | |
| Tuberculosis transmission Airborne | |
| Cause of tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis | |
| Primary TB radiographic appearance Uniform consolidation; hilar/mediastinal node enlargement; Ghon complex; unilateral effusion | |
| Ghon complex Calcified lesion + lymph node | |
| Secondary TB radiographic appearance Posterior apices; hazy; poor boundaries; alveolar infiltration | |
| Tuberculoma appearance 1–3 cm nodules | |
| Cause of pulmonary mycosis Fungal infection | |
| Histoplasmosis appearance Fluid‑filled airspaces; hilar node enlargement; calcified nodes; lower‑lobe granuloma | |
| Coccidioidomycosis appearance Peripheral consolidations; may progress to chronic infection | |
| RSV attacks Lower respiratory tract | |
| RSV most common in Children under 4 | |
| RSV radiographic appearance Hyperinflation; visible bronchioles; atelectasis | |
| COPD stands for Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | |
| COPD definition Airway obstruction causing poor gas exchange | |
| Diseases included in COPD Chronic bronchitis; emphysema; asthma | |
| Chronic bronchitis definition Chronic inflammation of bronchi | |
| Causes of chronic bronchitis Viruses; bacteria; pollution; smoking | |
| Radiographic appearance of chronic bronchitis Thickened bronchial walls; tram lines | |
| Emphysema definition Destruction of alveoli | |
| Three emphysema patterns Centriacinar; paracinar; distal acinar | |
| Causes of emphysema Chronic bronchitis; pollution; smoking | |
| Radiographic appearance of emphysema Flattened diaphragm; barrel chest | |
| Asthma definition Airway inflammation | |
| Causes of asthma Extrinsic (dust/mold); intrinsic (exercise) | |
| Radiographic appearance of asthma Increased lung volume; flat diaphragm; dirty chest | |
| Bronchiectasis definition Destruction/widening of large bronchi | |
| Cause of bronchiectasis Recurrent inflammation/infection | |
| Radiographic appearance of bronchiectasis Honeycomb pattern | |
| Sarcoidosis definition Granulomas in organs | |
| Radiographic appearance of sarcoidosis 1‑2‑3 lymph node pattern | |
| Pneumoconiosis definition Occupational chronic interstitial inflammation with fibrosis | |
| Three types of pneumoconiosis Silicosis; anthracosis; asbestosis | |
| Most common pneumoconiosis Silicosis | |
| Silicosis cause Inhalation of silicon dioxide | |
| Silicosis radiographic appearance Hard nodules; uniform density; masses >1 cm; eggshell nodes | |
| Asbestosis radiographic appearance Pleural thickening; pleural calcification; shaggy heart; irregular nodules | |
| Anthracosis definition Coal worker’s disease; anthracite in bronchioles; obstruction; black lung | |
| Anthracosis radiographic appearance Small irregular densities → granular → massive scarring | |
| Solitary pulmonary nodule Benign granuloma or malignant | |
| Benign SPN appearance Popcorn calcification |
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