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ear & mastoid
anat. and pathology of ear & mastoid process
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| mastoid process | a hard, small projection of the temporal bone |
| auricle | the flesh-covered elastic cartilage of the outer ear. Also called the pinna |
| helix | the upper outer rim of the auricle |
| antihelix | the inner curve that is parallel to the helix |
| tragus | the fleshy tag of tissue with a tuft of hair on its underside that covers the opening of the external auditory canal |
| lobule | the only noncartilaginous part of the external ear. usually called the earlobe |
| auditory meatus | the opening of the auditory canal |
| cerumen | secreted by modified sweat glands within external auditory canal and protects the ear with its antiseptic property and stickiness trapping foreign debris. also called earwax |
| tympanic membrane | marks the end of the external ear and the beginning of the middle ear |
| eustachian tube | a mucous membrane-lined connection between the middle ear and throat that supplies air for sound conduction and pressure equalization. AKA "auditory tube" or "pharyngotympanic tube". |
| ossicles | three tiny bones in the middle ear named for their shapes: "malleus", or hammer; "incus" or anvil; "stapes" or stirrup. ossicles transmit sound to the oval window through the stapes |
| tympanic cavity proper | main cavity of middle ear, opposite the tympanic membrane |
| labyrinth | inner ear |
| perilymph | fluid between the membranous labyrinth and bony labyrinth surrounding the inner labyrinth |
| endolymph | fluid within the membranous labyrinth |
| antr/o | antrum |
| auricul/o | auricle, pinna |
| chondr/o, cartilag/o | cartilage |
| cerumin/o | cerumen, earwax |
| cochle/o | cochlea |
| ot/o | ear |
| tympan/o, myring/o | eardrum |
| salping/o | eustachian tube |
| acous/o, audi/o, aur/o | hearing |
| helic/o | helix, coil |
| labyrinth/o | labyrinth, inner ear |
| mastoid/o | mastoid process |
| ossicul/o | ossicle, small bone |
| petros/o | petrous bone |
| macul/o | spot, macula |
| staped/o | stapes |
| petr/o, lith/o | stone |
| vestibul/o | vestibule |
| cholesteatoma, external ear | cystic mass composed of epithelial cells and cholesterol. Can occur also in middle ear |
| exostosis of external ear | bony growth usually due to chronic irritation |
| otitis externa | inflammation of the pinna/auricle |
| perichondritis, auricular | inflammation of the perichondrium of the external ear. May result in a deformity referred to as "cauliflower ear". |
| stenosis of external ear canal, acquired | a narrowing of the auditory canal that develops after birth |
| ankylosis of ear ossicles | abnormal condition of stiffening of the tiny bones of the ear |
| cholesteatoma of attic | cystic mass of epithelial cells and cholesterol in the epitympanic recess |
| eustachian salpingitis | inflammation of the eustachian tube |
| mastoiditis | inflammation of the mastoid process |
| myringitis | inflammation of the eardrum. May be acute, chronic, or bullous |
| otitis media (OM) | inflammation of the middle ear. may be "suppurative" (as a result of an infection) or "nonsuppurative" (without infection which can be serous (with fluid) or sanguineous (with bloody discharge) |
| patulous eustachian tube | a continually open eustachian tube |
| perforation of tympanic membrane | a puncture of the eardrum |
| petrositis | inflammation of the petrous portion of the temporal bone |
| tympanosclerosis | abnormal hardening of the eardrum, may be a result of scarring from use of polyethylene ventilating tubes to assist in drainage |
| aural vertigo | dizziness associated with a disorder of the ear |
| labyrinthitis | inflammation of the labyrinth, inner ear |
| meniere's disease | chronic condition of the inner ear characterized by vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus. Of unknown etiology |
| otosclerosis | abnormal condition of hardening of the inner ear characterized by a development of spongy bone that can frow toward or away from the oval window. Usually results in progressive deafness. AKA vestibular neuritis. may have loss of balance and dizziness |
| vestibular neuronitis | inflammation of the vestibular nerve. |
| conductive hearing loss | hearing loss resulting from damage to or malformation of the middle or outer ear |
| diplacusis | hearing disorder characterized by the perception of a single sound being two |
| hyperacusis | hearing that is above normal. Patient is able to hear more acutely than normal |
| otalgia | pain in the ear. An earachw |
| otorrhagia | a rapid discharge of blood from one or both ears |
| otorrhea | a discharge from the ears. If the discharge is purulent (pus filled), it is termed "otopyorrhea" |
| ototoxic hearing loss | hearing loss that is drug-induced |
| presbycusis | loss of hearing due to the aging process |
| sensorineural hearing loss | hearing loss resulting from damage to the cochlea of the inner ear or auditory nerve. |
| tinnitus | ringing in the ears |
| transient ischemic deafness | intermittent hearing loss due to a lack of blood supply to the ear |
| acoustic neuroma | a benign tumor of the eighth cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear) that causes tinnitus, vertigo, and hearing loss. Also called "vestibular schwannoma" |
| ceruminoma | a benign adenoma of the glands that produce earwax |
| audiology, diagnostic | a diagnostic study of an individual's ability to hear. |
| audiometry | the process of measuring hearing, usually with an instrument called an audiometer. The graphic representation of the results is called an "audiogram" |
| cochlear implant | implanted device that assists those with hearing loss by electrically stimulating the cochlea |
| electrocochleography (ECOG) | recording the electrical activity of the cochlea to test hearing |
| mastoidectomy | cutting out part or all of the mastoid process to treat necrotic mastoiditis |
| myringostomy | making a new opening in the eardrum. Done to promote drainage and/or allow the introduction of artificial tubes to maintain the opening. Also called a "tympanostomy" |
| myringotomy | cutting the eardrum to drain pus, also called a "tympanotomy" |
| ossiculectomy | cutting out part or all of the ossicles of the ear to treat ankylosis of eat ossicles |
| otoplasty | forming part or all of the ear. Done to correct malformations of the ear. |
| otoscopy | Process of viewing the ear using an otoscope |
| paracentesis of tympanum | surgical puncture of the eardrum to drain fluids resulting from otitis media |
| stapediolysis | releasing the stapes to restore hearing in cases of otosclerosis |
| stapedoplasty | forming part or all of the stapes. Reconstruction performed to restore hearing |
| tympanometry | process of measuring the eardrum. a tympanogram is the resulting record. a tympanometer is the instrument that measures the function of the eardrum |
| tympanoplasty | forming part or all of the eardrum to reconstruct a perforated eardrum |
| Universal Newborn Hearing Screening test | Test that uses otoacoustic emissions, which are measured by the insertion of a probe into the baby's ear canal, and auditory brainstem response, to measure the change in electrical activity in brain in response to sound when baby sleeps |
| ABR | auditory brainstem response |
| ECOG | electrocochleography |
| OAEs | otoacoustic emissions |
| OM | otitis media |
| TM | tympanic membrane |
| UNHS | universal newborn hearing screening |
| AS | left ear |
| AD | right ear |
| AU | each ear |
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