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genetics final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| At a certain base in DNA, 70% of people have a G and 30% of people have a T. How many possible genotypes are there in the population at this site? | 3 |
| How many of the following would be considered a polymorphic site in the human genome? | -A region where some people have GAATGAAT and others have GAATGAATGAAT -A location where some people have CTC (leucine) and others have CCC (proline) -A gene where some people have a transposon insertion and others do not |
| Which of these could be used to find which genetic variants that contribute to a polygenic disease are present in an individual person's genome? | SNP chip |
| In the CRISPR/Cas system for making double-stranded breaks in genomic DNA, which component of the system provides the specificity that instructs the machinery to make a cut at a specific DNA sequence? | the guide RNA |
| Which of these statements is/are more generally correct in regard to comparing genomes from different species? Option A | In general, more complex multicellular organisms like mice and humans have more genes than single-celled organisms like yeast or bacteri |
| Which of the answers below about simple tandem repeats (STRs) is true? | -there can be more than two alleles of an STR in a population -an individual can have only two alelles for an STR |
| Consider your own human genome and the amount of your DNA that a) codes for protein, b) makes up introns inside your genes, and c) is actually DNA from old viruses and transposons. Which of these relationships is true? | amount of virus/transposons > amount of introns > amount coding for protein |
| Why do mutations in the genes for mismatch repair enzymes contribute to cancer? | because of an increased risk for mutations in other genes that cause cancer |
| How is DNA ligase used in recombinant DNA experiments? | to join together DNA fragments with sticky ends |
| In the whole genome shotgun sequencing method, where does the 'sequencing' step occur? | in an automated sequencing machine |
| If you were to go in and delete one spacer sequence from the CRISPR array in a bacterial genome, what outcome would you predict? | the resulting bacterial strain would now be sensitive to infection by a bacteriophage that it was previously resistant to |
| You are performing a genetic screen in the haploid yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, hoping to identify genes involved in the process of DNA replication. IWhich statement describes how you would go about this? | Grow the yeast at 23°, expose the population to a mutagen, grow the mutagenized yeast on plates at 23°, then replica plate to a plate that is incubated at 36° and look for colonies that do not grow. |
| Which of the following is necessary for getting a human drug of interest (protein) expressed in bacteria? | -using a cDNA for the gene of interest -having the gene driven by a bacterial promoter such as the lac promoter |
| There is a gene that makes a Ras protein that functions during development in the roundworm C. elegans. This C. elegans gene and the Ras proto-oncogene that is found mutated in human tumors are said to be homologous genes. Why does this mean? | It means that in the organism that was a common ancestor to both roundworms and humans, there was a single Ras gene that made a protein that acted in cell signaling, and that gene ended up later in both roundworms and humans. |
| Which of these could be used to treat the phenotypes caused by a monogenic disease in a patient? | somatic gene therapy |
| Susceptibility to certain cancers runs in some families due to_______ | germline mutations in cancer-causing genes |
| What is the most significant difference between a retroviral vector and an adenoviral vector when they are used for gene therapy in humans? | if you use an adenoviral vector the 'good' copy of the gene being used for gene therapy will not be integrated into the host genome, reducing the risk of insertion into a dangerous location |
| The types of genes found to be mutated in cancer cells include all of the following except___ | genes encoding proteins involved in progression through meiosis |
| Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cancer cells | a finite number of cell divisions in tissue culture |
| Which of the following is not used in Sanger sequencing of DNA? | an mRNA template |
| Why do most patients presenting with the cancer of the eye called retinoblastoma usually have a tumor in only one eye? | because mutation of both copies of the retinoblastoma gene in the same cell is a very rare event |
| Which of these haploid strains does not produce permease and does not produce β-galactosidase? 1. I- P+ O+ Z+ Y+ 2. I+ P+ O+ Z- Y+ 3. I- P+ O+ Z- Y- 4. I+ P+ Oc Z+ Y+ 5. I- P+ O+ Z+ Y- | 3. I- P+ O+ Z- Y- |
| Which of the following statements about enhancers is UNLIKELY to be true? | Enhancers must be upstream of a gene. |
| During the phenomenon of RNA interference, what do miRNAs target for destruction? | mRNA complementary to the guide RNA of RISC |
| Which statement is true about DNA methylation in bacteria? | it is used to regulate mutation repair |
| Which of the following domains would you expect to find in the transcription factor that activates gene expression when cells are exposed to the steroid hormone estrogen? | estrogen binding domain DNA binding domain transcription activation domain |
| Which of the following statements is true about the GAL genes in yeast? | In the presence of galactose, Gal80 does not inhibit Gal4 and therefore Gal4 activates GAL gene expression. |
| What is the mechanism of dosage compensation (different numbers of X chromosomes in males and females) in mammals? | transcription from genes on one X chromosome in females is suppressed, to match expression levels in males |
| You have conducted an Ames test on a given compound. Which of the following would be classified as a positive result on the Ames test? | when a his- strain now grows on a plate without histidine |
| frameshift mutation | a mutation that creates a protein with a different amino acid sequnece after the site of mutation |
| nonsense mutation | a mutation that changes a codon from one that encodes an amino acid to one that signals translation termination |
| missense mutation | a mutation that changes a codon from encoding one amino acid to encoding a different amino acid |
| point mutation | a mutation that causes a change in a single base pair |
| transversion mutation | a mutation that causes a change from purine to pyrimidine or from pyrimidine to purine |
| Which of the following conditions will result in the greatest level of transcription of the lac operon? | lactose and cAMP present, glucose absent |
| triploid | 69 |
| monosomic | 45 |
| trisomic | 47 |
| diploid | 46 |
| The fluctuation test allowed Luria and Delbruck to conclude that ________ | Mutations occur in the absence of environmental challenges |
| E. coli is growing in a solution containing glucose and lactose. After it consumes the last of the glucose, the levels of cyclic AMP in the cell begin to rise. What effect would this have on protein binding at the lac operon? | it would cause more CAP to be bound, and more polymerase to be bound |
| Which of the following protein complexes is responsible for chromatin remodeling? | SWI/SNF |
| Suppose nondisjunction involving a single chromosome occurs in meiosis I during gametogenesis for a mother egg cell. What fraction of her gametes will give rise to offspring with trisomy if they are fertilized by normal sperm? Option A | 1/2 |
| refers to a site or mutation that only affects expression of genes on the same piece of DNA | cis-dominant |
| a site at which a transcription factor binds to activate gene expression of a target gene | enhancer |
| a site at which a transcription factor binds to repress gene expression of a target gene | operator |
| a series of genes expressed as one common transcript | operon |
| a small molecule that binds to a protein and changes its function, allowing gene expression to occur | inducer |
| Which statement is true about DNA methylation in eukaryotes? | it is used to regulate the chromatin state (open or closed) at a gene |
| Base modifying agents generally result in which type of mutagenic event? | base substitution |
| A mutant E. coli strain, grown in the presence of lactose and absence of glucose, does not produce beta-galactosidase protein. Which of the following mutations could not lead to this phenotype? | lacOc |
| If a transposon integrates into the promoter of a gene, what is the most likely outcome for the protein made by that gene? | decreased amount of the normal protein |
| Which of these point mutations is most likely to produce a null allele (no function in a gene)? | A single nucleotide deletion in the first exon of a gene |
| What effect does methylation of CpG islands have on human promoters? | =reduced transcription |
| In the absence of glucose and presence of lactose, where is the lac repressor bound? | The lac repressor does not bind to the operon. |
| Thymine dimers are most commonly caused by exposure to _ | UV radiation |
| Loss-of-function mutations in which two of the following lead to a Lac minus phenotype in E. coli? | lacZ and lacY |
| What do regulation of the bacterial lac operon and yeast GAL genes have in common? | a) a small molecule inside the cell binds to a protein and causes it to changes its behavior (allolactose/Lac Rep and galactose/GAL3) b) the presence of a small molecule in the environment leads to expression of the operon (lactose, galactose) |
| The enzyme transposase is involved in | Option C removal and insertion of specific DNA sequences |
| Which of the following is most likely characteristic of open promoters? | Histones in the promoter regions are highly acetylated |
Created by:
cmaxg