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drugs for musculkele
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| agonist | A muscle performing an actual movement; it is also called a prime mover. |
| amphiarthroses | Joints in which the surfaces are connected by disks of fibrocartilage, as between vertebrae. |
| antagonist | A muscle that opposes the actions of an agonist. |
| arthritis | Degenerative disease of the joints. |
| articulation | A fixed or movable joint between bones. |
| bursa | A fluid-filled sac that reduces friction between two surfaces. |
| cartilage | A tough, elastic, fibrous connective tissue found in joints, the outer ear, larynx, and other parts of the body. |
| centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxants | Also known as “spasmolytics,” these agents alleviate musculoskeletal pain and spasms to reduce spasticity (continual muscular contraction). |
| contusions | Injuries of body parts without a break in the skin. |
| diarthroses | Bone articulations permitting free motion in joints, such as those of the shoulders or hips. |
| fibromyalgia | A syndrome characterized by chronic pain in the muscles and soft tissues surrounding joints, fatigue, and tenderness in various body sites. |
| gout | A disturbance of uric acid metabolism occurring mostly in males, characterized by painful inflammation of the joints, especially of the feet and hands. |
| lacerations | Cuts or breaks in the skin. |
| ligaments | Sheets or bands of tough, fibrous tissue connecting bones or cartilages at a joint or supporting an organ. |
| muscular dystrophy | A genetic disease characterized by progressive deterioration and wasting of muscle fibers. |
| myasthenia gravis | A disease characterized by progressive fatigue and generalized weakness of the skeletal muscles. |
| neuromuscular blocking agents | Drugs that block neuromuscular transmission at the neuromuscular junction; they cause paralysis of specific skeletal muscles. |
| osteoblasts | The bone-forming cells that are derived from the embryonic mesenchyme and, during the early development of the skeleton, produce the bone matrix. |
| osteoclasts | Large multinucleated bone cells that absorb and remove osseous tissue. |
| osteocytes | Mature osteoblasts that have become embedded in the bone matrix. |
| osteogenic cells | The cells in the inner layer of the periosteum that develop into osteoblasts. |
| osteomalacia | Softening of bone tissue due to loss of calcium; sometimes called adult rickets. |
| osteomyelitis | Inflammation, almost always due to bacterial infection, of a bone and the marrow within it. |
| osteoporosis | A bone disease characterized by reduced bone mineral density, leading to an increased risk of fracture. |
| rheumatoid arthritis | A chronic disease marked by stiffness and inflammation of joints, weakness, loss of mobility, and deformity. |
| skeletal muscle | A usually voluntary muscle made of elongated, multinucleated, striated muscle. |
| synarthroses | Articulations that lack joint cavities. |
| synergist | A muscle that assists an agonist. |
| tendinitis | Inflammation of a tendon. |
| tendons | Bands of tough, inelastic fibrous tissues that connect muscles with their bony attachments. |
| Axial Skeleton | Skull (22), Eight cranial bones: frontal (1), parietal (2), occipital (1), temporal (2), sphenoid (1), ethmoid (1) |
| Axial Skeleton | Fourteen facial bones: maxilla (2), zygomatic (2), palatine (2), inferior nasal concha (2), mandible (1), lacrimal (2), nasal (2), vomer (1), Middle ear (6), Malleus (2), incus (2), stapes (2), Hyoid (1), Hyoid bone (1), Vertebral column (26) |
| Axial Skeleton | Cervical vertebrae (7), thoracic vertebrae (12), lumbar vertebrae (5), sacrum (1), coccyx (1), Thoracic cage (25), Rib (24), sternum (1) |
| Appendicular Skeleton | Pectoral girdle (4), Scapula (2), clavicle (2), Upper limbs (60), Humerus (2), radius (2), ulna (2), carpal (16), metacarpal (10), phalanx (28), Pelvic girdle (2), Hip bone (2)—includes the ilium, ischium, and pubis, Lower limbs (60), |
| Appendicular Skeleton | Femur (2), tibia (2), fibula (2), patella (2), tarsal (14), metatarsal (10), phalanx (28) |
| Sutures | Fibrous joints that occur only in the skull |
| Syndesmoses | Bones that are connected by ligaments; for example, where the radius articulates with the ulna in the arm |
| Gomphoses | Exemplified by the way each tooth fits in its socket and is held there by a periodontal ligament |
| Non Opioid Analgesics | acetaminophen Tylenol |
| Salicylates | aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) Alka-Seltzer®, Bayer®, Ecotrin® choline magnesium trisalicylate Trilisate® salsalate Disalcid® |
| Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs | diclofenac Cataflam®, Solaraze®, Voltaren® etodolac Lodine® ibuprofen Advil®, Motrin indomethacin Indocin®, Indocin SR ketorolac Toradol® meclofenamate sodium Meclofenamate meloxicam Mobic® nabumetone Relafen naproxen Aleve, Naprosyn oxaprozin Daypro Alta |
| Cyclooxygenase-2 Selective Inhibitor | celecoxib Celebrex® |
| RA | etancercept (Enbrel®), adalimumab (Humira®), tocilizumab (Actemra®), certolizumab (Cimzia®), anakinra (Kineret®), abatacept (Orencia®), infliximab (Remicade®), golimumab (Simponi®), and a combination of rituximab (Rituxan®) with methotrexate |
| Gout Drugs | allopurinol Zyloprim®, colchicine Colcrys®, febuxostat Uloric®, probenecid and colchicine Probecid and Colchicine® |
| Corticosteroids | methylprednisolone Depo-Medrol®, prednisone Deltasone®, triamcinolone Kenalog® |
| Bisphosphonates | alendronate Fosamax, ibandronate Boniva, risedronate Actonel, zoledronic acid Reclast |
| Colcitonin Hormone Analogue | calcitonin salmon Fortical |
| Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM) | raloxifene Evista |
| Parathyroid Hormone A | teriparatide Forteo® |
| Monoclonal Antibody | denosumab Prolia® |
| Supplements | vitamin D and calcium Citracal®, Caltrate® |
| Fibromyalgia | Medications designed to help improve sleep may be used, including the antidepressant amitriptyline (Elavil®), in low doses. To help with muscle and joint soreness, additional medications such as NSAIDs and muscle relaxants may be given. |
| Short Duration | succinylcholine Anectine® |
| Intermediate Duration | atracurium Tracrium®, cisatracurium Nimbex®, pancuronium Pavulon®, rocuronium Zemuron®, vecuronium Vecuronium Bromide® |
| Extended Duration | doxacurium Nuromax®, mivacurium Mivacron® |
| Centrally Acting Skeletal Muscle Relaxants (Spasmolytics) | baclofen Lioresal®, carisoprodol Soma®, chlorzoxazone Parafon Forte®, cyclobenzaprine Flexeril®, diazepam Valium®, metaxalone Skelaxin®, methocarbamol Robaxin® |
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