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Semester 2 Review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Empirical evidence | information gained through observation or experiments |
| Law | a statement that describes a natural pattern that is always observed |
| Theory | a well-tested explanation for why something happens in nature |
| Experiment | a test used to investigate a question and gather data |
| Observation | using senses or tools to notice and record information |
| Hypothesis | a possible explanation that can be tested |
| Independent variable | the factor that is changed in an experiment |
| Dependent variable | the factor that is measured in an experiment |
| Data | facts and measurements collected during an investigation |
| Model | a representation used to explain or show how something works |
| DNA | molecule that carries genetic instructions |
| Replication | process of copying DNA |
| Mutation | a change in DNA sequence |
| RNA | molecule that helps make proteins using DNA instructions |
| Ribosome | cell structure where proteins are made |
| Chromosomes | structures made of DNA that contain genes |
| Mitosis | cell division that produces two identical cells |
| Homologous chromosomes | matching chromosome pairs (one from each parent) |
| Meiosis | cell division that produces sperm or egg cells |
| Asexual reproduction | reproduction from one parent without gametes |
| Clone | genetically identical copy of an organism |
| Sexual reproduction | reproduction that combines genetic material from two parents |
| Heredity | passing of traits from parents to offspring |
| Gene | section of DNA that codes for a trait |
| Allele | different form of a gene |
| Genotype | genetic makeup of an organism |
| Phenotype | physical traits of an organism |
| Punnett square | chart used to predict genetic outcomes |
| Probability | likelihood that something will happen |
| Fertilization | joining of sperm and egg cells |
| Dominant | trait that shows even when only one allele is present |
| Recessive | trait that shows only when two copies are present |
| Incomplete dominance | blending of traits from two alleles |
| Codominance | both alleles show equally in the trait |
| Pedigree | chart showing how traits pass through generations |
| Homozygous | having two identical alleles |
| Heterozygous | having two different alleles |
| Evolution | change in species over time |
| Artificial selection | humans choosing traits to breed |
| Natural selection | organisms with helpful traits survive and reproduce more |
| Fossil | preserved remains or traces of an organism |
| Fossil record | collection of fossils showing life over time |
| Variation | differences within a species |
| Extinction | when a species dies out completely |
| Adaptation | trait that helps an organism survive |
| Homologous structures | body parts with similar structure from common ancestry |
| Vestigial structures | body parts that no longer have a main function |
| Carbon cycle | movement of carbon through air/water/ living things and Earth |
| Law of conservation of energy/mass | energy and mass cannot be created or destroyed |
| Organism | any living thing |
| Habitat | place where an organism lives |
| Biotic factors | living parts of an ecosystem |
| Abiotic factors | nonliving parts of an ecosystem |
| Species | group of organisms that can reproduce together |
| Population | group of same species in one area |
| Community | all populations in an area |
| Ecosystem | community and its nonliving environment |
| Ecology | study of interactions between living things and their environment |
| Immigration | movement of organisms into an area |
| Emigration | movement of organisms out of an area |
| Limiting factor | anything that restricts population growth |
| Producer | organism that makes its own food |
| Consumer | organism that eats other organisms |
| Carnivore | consumer that eats only meat |
| Scavenger | organism that eats dead animals |
| Omnivore | organism that eats plants and animals |
| Herbivore | organism that eats plants |
| Decomposer | organism that breaks down dead matter |
| Food chain | path of energy flow from one organism to another |
| Food web | many connected food chains |
| Energy pyramid | diagram showing energy loss between trophic levels |
| First | second |
| Niche | role of an organism in its ecosystem |
| Habitat | place where an organism lives (environment it occupies) |
| Predation | interaction where one organism eats another |
| Predator | organism that hunts and eats others |
| Prey | organism that is eaten |
| Symbiosis | close relationship between two species |
| Mutualism | both organisms benefit |
| Commensalism | one benefits and the other is unaffected |
| Parasitism | one benefits and the other is harmed |
| Host | organism that a parasite lives on or in |
| Parasite | organism that benefits by harming a host |
| Autotroph | organism that makes its own food |
| Heterotroph | organism that gets food by eating others |
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