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unit 5
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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pulse | Rhythmic throbbing caused by the contraction of the heart |
| Pulse Points | Locations where pulse can be felt |
| Radial artery | Pulse point located at the wrist |
| Carotid artery | Pulse point located in the neck |
| Brachial artery | Pulse point located at the inner elbow |
| Popliteal artery | Pulse point located at the posterior knee |
| Pulse rate | Number of times the heart beats per minute |
| Pulse rhythm | Regularity or irregularity of the pulse |
| Pulse volume | Strength or amplitude of the pulse |
| Palpate | Feeling a pulse using your 1st two or three fingers |
| Auscultate | Hearing a pulse by using a stethoscope |
| Normal pulse rate for adults | 60-100 beats per minute (bpm) |
| Normal pulse rate for infants/children (Birth-11 months) | 80-160 bpm |
| Normal pulse rate for children (1-5 Years) | 80-120 bpm |
| Normal pulse rate for children (6-14 Years) | 60-110 bpm |
| Regular pulse rhythm | Evenly spaced beats |
| Irregular pulse rhythm | May have skipped beats or extra beats |
| Arrhythmia | Sometimes termed dysrhythmia |
| Pulse volume quality | Strength or intensity of the pulse |
| Absent pulse volume | Unable to detect (0) |
| Thready / Weak pulse volume | Difficult to palpate (+1) |
| Strong / Normal pulse volume | Easily found (+2) |
| Bounding / Full pulse volume | Pushes forcefully against fingertips (+3) |
| Pulse measurement methods | Counting the beats for a full minute or counting for 30 seconds and multiplying by 2 |
| Apical Pulse | Stethoscope needed to auscultate |
| Brachial Pulse | Main vessel supplying blood to the muscles in your upper arm and elbow joint |
| Radial Pulse | Place your pointer and middle fingers on the inside of your opposite wrist just below the thumb |
| Carotid Pulse | Taken on either side of your neck |
| Bradycardia | Pulse rate less than 60 bpm in adults |
| Tachycardia | Pulse rate greater than 100 bpm in adults |
| Causes of Bradycardia | Medications, Age, heart disease, electrolyte imbalances |
| Causes of Tachycardia | Exercise, stress, heart disease, caffeine, medications (stimulants) |
| Temperature | Measurement of body heat |
| Vital Signs | Measurements of the body's basic functions that indicate overall health and well-being. |
| Afebrile | Free of fever |
| Oral Temperature | 97.6°F to 99.6°F |
| Rectal Temperature | 98.6°F to 100.6°F |
| Axillary Temperature | 96.6°F to 98.6°F |
| Tympanic Temperature | 98.2°F to 100.2°F |
| Temporal Temperature | 97.2°F to 99.2°F |
| Oral (O) | Mouth; no smoking, eating, drinking, or chewing gum for 15 minutes prior. |
| Rectal (R) | Taken in the rectum; runs 1 degree higher than oral route. |
| Axillary (Ax) | Taken in the armpit; runs 1° lower than oral route. |
| Aural/Tympanic (A) | Taken in the ear with a special thermometer. |
| Temporal (TA) | Taken on the forehead with a special thermometer. |
| Digital Thermometer | Used under the arm or under the tongue. |
| Ear Thermometer | Provides quick readings; useful if child finds it difficult to sit still. |
| Infrared Thermometers | Not an accurate way of taking temperature. |
| Hypothermia | Below 95˚ F; death when temperature below 93˚ F. |
| Hyperthermia | Above 104˚ F; above 106˚F can lead to convulsions and death. |
| Causes of Hyperthermia | Infection, exercise, excitement, high temperatures in the environment. |
| Causes of Hypothermia | Starvation or fasting, decreased muscle tone, mouth breathing, exposure to cold temperatures. |
| Celsius to Fahrenheit Formula | F= (C x 1.8) + 32 |
| Fahrenheit to Celsius Formula | C= (F-32)/1.8 |
| What is blood pressure? | Measurement of the force exerted by the blood on the walls of the arteries. |
| What instrument is used to measure blood pressure? | Sphygmomanometer. |
| What are the two types of sphygmomanometers? | Aneroid and Digital/Electronic. |
| What are Korotkoff sounds? | Sounds generated when a blood pressure cuff changes the flow of blood through the artery. |
| What does the systolic number represent in a blood pressure reading? | The pressure in the arteries when the heart is contracting. |
| What does the diastolic number represent in a blood pressure reading? | The pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest. |
| What is the blood pressure range for prehypertension? | 120-129 systolic and <80 diastolic. |
| What is considered normal blood pressure? | <120 systolic and <80 diastolic. |
| What defines hypertension (HTN)? | >130 systolic or >80 diastolic. |
| What defines hypotension? | <90 systolic or <60 diastolic. |
| Name one cause of hypotension. | Dehydration, blood loss, or certain medical conditions (e.g., pregnancy, diabetes, heart failure). |
| What is a common sign of hypotension? | Dizziness or fainting (syncope). |
| Name one cause of hypertension. | Obesity, stress, smoking, or genetics. |
| What is a common symptom of hypertension? | Severe headaches or chest pain. |
| What should you do to ensure accurate blood pressure measurement? | Determine correct cuff size and avoid over-tightening. |
| How long should you wait before reattempting blood pressure measurement in the same arm? | 2 minutes. |
| What are respirations? | The act of inhaling and exhaling air. |
| How is one breath defined? | Inhalation + exhalation = 1 breath. |
| What is the normal respiratory rate for newborns? | 30-60 breaths per minute. |
| What is the normal respiratory rate for children? | 20-30 breaths per minute. |
| What is the normal respiratory rate for adults? | 12-20 breaths per minute. |
| What does 'rhythm' refer to in respiration? | The regularity or irregularity of breathing. |
| What does 'quality' refer to in respiration? | The depth and effort of breathing. |
| What is dyspnea? | Difficult or labored breathing. |
| What is apnea? | Absence of breathing. |
| What is tachypnea? | Rapid breathing. |
| What is bradypnea? | Slow breathing. |
| What is orthopnea? | Difficulty breathing when lying flat. |
| What are Cheyne-Stokes respirations? | Alternating periods of deep and shallow breaths. |
| What is cyanosis? | Bluish discoloration of the skin, lips, and nails. |
| What are rhonchi? | Abnormal crackling sounds in the lungs. |
| What are rales? | Continuous gurgling or bubbling sounds in the lungs. |
| What is wheezing? | A high-pitched whistle sound during breathing. |
| What is a peak flow meter used for? | To measure how well air flows out of the lungs, primarily for asthmatics. |
| What is the purpose of an incentive spirometer? | To improve lung function after surgery or illness and encourage deep breathing. |
| What is respiratory splinting? | Squeezing a pillow against the abdomen when coughing after surgery or injury. |
| What does a pulse oximeter measure? | The saturation of oxygen carried in red blood cells. |
| What indicates hypoxia in pulse oximetry? | A reading below 92%. |
| What is capillary refill used for? | To quickly assess circulation by checking the fingertip before using a pulse oximeter. |
| What is the importance of measuring height, weight, and BMI? | To monitor growth, assess nutrition, detect health issues, and guide medication prescribing. |
| When should height and weight be measured? | During annual check-ups, before starting a new exercise routine, and when evaluating weight loss or gain. |
| True or False: Height and weight should only be measured once a year. | False |
| What are the types of scales used to measure weight? | Digital, balance/mechanical, wheelchair, bed, and infant scales. |
| What units are commonly used to measure height? | Meters (m), centimeters (cm), feet (ft), and inches (in). |
| What units are commonly used to measure weight? | Kilograms (kg), pounds (lb), and ounces (oz). |
| How do you convert feet to inches? | Multiply the number of feet by 12. |
| How do you convert inches to feet? | Divide the number of inches by 12. |
| How do you convert inches to centimeters? | Multiply the number of inches by 2.54. |
| How do you convert centimeters to inches? | Divide the number of centimeters by 2.54. |
| How do you convert ounces to pounds? | Divide the number of ounces by 16. |
| How do you convert pounds to ounces? | Multiply the number of pounds by 16. |
| How do you convert kilograms to pounds? | Multiply the number of kilograms by 2.2. |
| How do you convert pounds to kilograms? | Divide the number of pounds by 2.2. |
| What is Body Mass Index (BMI)? | A measure of body fat based on height and weight, used to estimate health risks. |
| What BMI category is considered underweight? | Below 18.5. |
| What BMI category is considered healthy weight? | 18.5 to 24.9. |
| What BMI category is considered overweight? | 25 to 29.9. |
| What BMI category is considered obese? | Above 30. |
| What is the formula for calculating BMI using metric units? | BMI = weight (kg) / height (cm) / height (cm) x 10,000. |
| What is the formula for calculating BMI using standard units? | BMI = weight (lb) / height (in) / height (in) x 703. |
| How is a child's growth monitored? | By plotting height and weight on a growth chart to compare with others of the same age and gender. |
| What does a growth chart provide? | A visual representation of growth over time and comparison to national averages. |
| What percentile is Paris in for height if she is 36 inches tall? | 10th percentile. |
| What percentile is Jordan in if she is 4'9'' and weighs 112 pounds? | Obese category. |
| What is the purpose of pain? | Pain serves as a warning signal in the body, alerting us to potential harm or injury. |
| What is acute pain? | Acute pain is sudden and short-term pain. |
| What is chronic pain? | Chronic pain is persistent and long-lasting pain. |
| What is the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale used for? | It is used for young children or patients with communication challenges to assess pain intensity. |
| What does the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) range from? | The NRS ranges from 0 to 10. |
| What does the OPQRST Pain Assessment Tool stand for? | Onset, Provocation/Palliation, Quality, Radiation, Severity, Time. |
| What question addresses the 'Onset' in the OPQRST tool? | When did the pain start? What were you doing when the pain began? |
| What questions are asked regarding 'Provocation/Palliation'? | What makes the pain worse? What makes it better? |
| What types of descriptors might be used to describe pain quality? | Sharp, dull, burning, aching, or other types. |
| What does 'Radiation' refer to in pain assessment? | Whether the pain moves or spreads anywhere, and if so, where. |
| How is pain severity assessed? | On a scale of 0 to 10, where 0 is no pain and 10 is the worst pain imaginable. |
| What does the 'Time' aspect of pain assessment inquire about? | How long does the pain last? Is it constant or does it come and go? |
| What is an example of acute pain? | A sudden injury or a surgical procedure. |
| What is an example of chronic pain? | Conditions like arthritis or back pain that persist over time. |
| What is the significance of pain assessment? | It helps in identifying pain characteristics and determining appropriate treatment. |
| What is the main goal of pain assessment? | To understand the patient's pain experience and guide effective management. |
| What is vision screening? | A quick and non-invasive test to evaluate visual acuity. |
| What does the Snellen eye test evaluate? | It tests far vision using a chart with varying character sizes. |
| What is myopia? | Nearsightedness, a condition where distant objects appear blurry. |
| What is hyperopia? | Farsightedness, a condition where close objects appear blurry. |
| What is presbyopia? | Age-related problems with close vision, typically occurring in mid-40s. |
| What causes astigmatism? | An abnormal shape of the eye lens causing blurry or distorted vision. |
| Who typically performs vision screenings? | Ophthalmologists and optometrists. |
| When are vision screenings typically conducted? | During routine check-ups at schools, primary care clinics, and occupational health assessments. |
| What is the purpose of the Jaeger chart? | To test close vision with paragraphs typed in different font sizes. |
| How far should a patient stand from the Snellen chart? | 20 feet. |
| What does a 20/20 vision result indicate? | The ability to accurately read 20mm characters from 20 feet away. |
| What do Ishihara plates test for? | Color blindness and color vision deficiencies. |
| What documentation is required after a vision screening? | Date, time, patient identification, test results, and signature. |
| What is the significance of the test results for both eyes (OU)? | It indicates the visual acuity for both eyes combined. |
| What does OD stand for in vision screening documentation? | Right eye. |
| What does OS stand for in vision screening documentation? | Left eye. |
| What is an example of a practice result for Snellen testing? | OU 20/30, OD 20/40, OS 20/30. |
| What does a score of 10/10 correct on Ishihara Plates indicate? | Normal color vision for both eyes, right eye, and left eye. |
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