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AP US Gov & Politics
Barrons Glossary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 9/11 | The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, leading to significant changes in the U.S. domestic and foreign policies. |
| Adams, John | The 2nd U.S. president (1797-1801), a Federalist, and a key figure in the American Revolution, known for his role in drafting the DOI |
| affirmative action | Government-mandated programs that seek to create special employment opportunities for minorities, women, and other victims of past discrimination. |
| amendment | Addition to the Constitution. Amendments require approval by 2/3 of both houses of Congress and 3/4 of the states. The first 10 amendments make up the BOR. |
| amicus curiae briefs | "Friend of the court" briefs that qualified individuals or organizations could file lawsuits to which they are not a party, so the judge may consider their advice in respect to matters of law that directly affect the cases in question. |
| Anti-federalist | Opponents of the U.S. Constitution during its ratification period, expressing concerns about a strong central government and advocating for the protection of individual and states' rights. |
| Art. 3 of the Const. | Outlines the role of the judicial branch, establishing the Supreme Court and granting Congress the power to create lower federal courts, defining their jurisdictions. |
| Art. 5. of the Const. | Describes the amendment process, allowing changes to the Const. through proposal by 2/3 of Congress or state conventions and ratification by 3/4 of states. |
| Articles of Confederation | The US' first Const. The government formed by the AOC lasted for 5 years. The government under the AOC proved inadequate because it did not have the power to collect taxes from the states, nor could it regulate foreign trade to generate revenue from import and export tariffs. |
| assimilation | the process by which individuals or groups adopt the customs, language, and culture of a dominant society, often associated with immigrants integrating into the prevailing societal norms. |
| Baker v. Carr (1962) | A landmark SCOTUS case that established the principle of "one person, one vote," requiring state legislative districts to be roughly equal in population. |
| bicameral legislature | Consisting of 2 legislative houses. (The US has this --> House of Reps and Senate) |
| Bill of Rights | First 10 amendments to the US Constitution. The BOR guarantees personal liberties and limits the powers of the government. |
| Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (2002) | AKA the McCain-Feingold Act, this legislation aimed to regulate campaign financing by restricting soft money contributions and issue advocacy ads, influencing political advertising and financing practices. |
| block grants | Federal money given to states with only general guidelines for its use. The states have the authority to decide how the money will be spent. |
| Brown v. Board of Education (1954) | Supreme Court overturned the "separate but equal" standard as it applied to segregation in education. In a 9-0 decision, the court ruled that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." "Separate but equal" had been the law of the land since the court has approved it in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) |
| Brutus #1 | A series of essays opposing the U.S. Constitution during its ratification, expressing Anti-Federalist concerns about a strong central government and potential abuses of power. |
| Budget and Impoundment Control Act (1974) | Legislation enhancing congressional budgetary powers and limiting the president's ability to impound funds. |
| budget deficit | Condition that arises when federal expenditures exceed revenues; in other words, when the government spend mores money than it takes in. |
| budget resolution | Set of budget guidelines that must pass both houses of Congress in identical form by April 15. The budget resolution guides government spending for the following fiscal year. |
| bully pulpit | Term describing the president's influential platform to speak out and shape public opinion on important issues. |
| bureaucracy | Administrative organization responsible for implementing government policies, often criticized for its complexity and perceived inefficiency. |
| cabinet | Presidential advisory body composed of department heads, aiding in policy formulation and decision-making. |
| calendar assignments | Congressional scheduling of bills for debate and voting |
| campaign finance legislation | Regulations and laws governing the funding of political campaigns to ensure transparency and prevent corruption |
| Canvassing | The practice of seeking voters' support through direct interaction. Ex: door to door campaigning |
| categorical grants | Federal aid given to states with strings attached. To receive the money, the states must adhere to mandated guidelines for spending it. |
| caucus | Meeting of the local party members for the purpose of choosing delegates to a national party convention. The term also refers to a meeting of the Democratic members of the House of Reps. |
| census | Survey (every 10 years) in which the data is used to help distribute federal money and to reapportion Congressional districts accordingly. |
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