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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Gilded Age | Industrialization period between 1870's - 1900 Wealth and prosperity masking decay and corruption |
| Waving the bloody shirt | We got you through the war |
| Political Machines | Political parties are controlled by tightly organized groups of politicians. Brought modern services to the city Corrupt |
| Tweed Ring | A group of people in New York City who worked with and for "Boss" Tweed. He was jailed |
| Patronage | giving jobs or government favors (spoils) to their supporters |
| Vertical integration | Single entity (at the top) controls everything (below) |
| Horizontal consolidation | bringing together many companies / mergers |
| Plessy V. Ferguson | Legalized Segregation with the "Seperate but equal" clause |
| Grandfather Clause | allowed people to vote if their father or grandfather had voted before Reconstruction |
| Tammany Hall | Boss Tweed's political machine. |
| Social Darwinism | Political survival of the fittest |
| Andrew Carnegie | Carnegie Steel employed vertical integration to control 3/5 of the nation's steel |
| John D. Rockefeller | Standard Oil companies. Controlled 90% of oil refinery businesses via horizontal integration. |
| Trust Company | a large |
| Robber Barons | Took from American workers and small businesses to build personal fortunes. Essentially held monopolies. |
| Booker T Washington | Responded to African American oppression by creating a school to teach trades and build skills. Believed that they needed to work for their rights - he was criticized for being to accepting of discrimination |
| W.E.B. Dubois | Demanded an end to segregation and the granting of equal civil rights. Racial equality |
| Spanish American War | People demanded war w/ spain due to Jingoism. Only lasted a few months. The US was victorious and acquired Guam |
| Jingoism | An intense form of nationalism calling for an aggressive foreign policy |
| Yellow Journalism | Promoted war fever through bold |
| USS Maine | Ship that explodes off the coast of Cuba in Havana harbor and helps contribute to the start of the Spanish-American War |
| William McKinley | 25th president responsible for Spanish-American War |
| Theodore Roosevelt | Helped destroy trusts (trust busting) and revived the Sherman Anti-Trust Act |
| Insular Cases | (Island Cases) Not all US citizen rights were given to those in US territories |
| Open door policy | All nations have equal trading opportunity with china |
| progressivism | Activism. Seeking equal rights |
| Muckrakers | Journalists who searched for corruption and underhanded schemes in politics. |
| The jungle | Muckraking book by Upton Sinclair that exposed the horrifying conditions of the meatpacking industry |
| Trust Busting | Breaking up of monopolies. |
| 17th Amendment | Direct election of senators |
| 19th Amendment | Gave women the right to vote |
| NAACP | National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Sought to abolish all forms of segregation and provide education |
| Australian Ballot | (Secret Ballot) Issued ballots printed by the state and required their choice to be marked secretly in a priate booth |
| Central Powers | Austria-Hungary |
| Allied Powers | Great Britain |
| Lusitania | Challenged US neutrality. German torpedo sank a British passenger ship carrying many americans |
| Zimmermans Note | Intercepted telegram from germany to mexico proposing they team up and attack the US |
| Forteen Points | President Wilson's peace treaty plan: A detailed list of war aims designed to address the causes of WWI and prevent another war. |
| Treaty of Versailles | Germany was disarmed and forced to admit guilt for the war |
| Great Migration | African americans moved from the south to the north during the Harlem Renisance in search of jobs |
| Harlem Renaissance | Atristic achievements by African Americans in music |
| Scopes Trial | Challenged the constitutionality of laws that banned the teaching of evolution in public schools. |
| Nativism | A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones Immigration limits |
| Sacco an Vanzetti | Two Italian immigrants who had been convicted of robbery and murder. Caused an uproar because people believed they were only convicted due to being anarchists during the Red Scare |
| Teapot dome | A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve that was secretly leased to a private oil company |
| Red Scare 1 | Anti communist hysteria (Anti-Anarchists) Led to the Palmer raids (Bombings to gather info on commies |
| Dawes Plan | Established a cycle of payments flowing from the US to Germany |
| Black Tuesday | The stock market crashed when people panicked and sold all their stocks to avoid the crash. Beginning of the depression |
| Great Depression | a period of post-war worldwide economic stagnation and depression. Sharp declines in income and production as buying and selling slowed down. Widespread unemployment |
| Herbert Hoover | The President during the GD did too little too late and lost support. |
| Hoovervilles | GD Shantytowns that housed the homeless. |
| Franklin D Roosevelt | Expanded size of federal Gov. Created the New Deal |
| New Deal | Relief Reform and Recovery: A series of programs Repealed Prohibition |
| Bonus Army | Desperate |
| Relief | Recovery |
| FDIC | Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation - Insured savings of bank depositors and monitored the soundness of insured banking institutions |
| Social Security Act | Provided for the unemployed |
| Fair Labor Standards Act | Established regulations on business and interstate commerce: Minimum Wage Standardized Workweek of 40 hrs w/ extra pay for overtime Child-labor restrictions on hiring people under 16 |
| Dust Bowl | The drought that brought debt to many farmers during the GD. Overproduction |
| Isolationism | A policy of avoiding involvement in worldly affairs |
| Neutrality Acts | 1935 - The President prohibited all arms shipments and forbade all US citizens from traveling on ships to hostile nations 1936 - Forbade the extension of loans and credits for hostilities 1937 - Forbade shipment of arms to opposing sides in the civil wa |
| Cash and Carry Act | The US would sell arms to those who would pay in cash and carry the arms on their own ships "Neutral" but favored the British |
| Lend-Lease Act | Allowed Britain to obtain arms from the US on credit |
| Four Freedoms Speech | FDR's speech on the four freedoms of speech |
| Office of Price Administration | Regulated almost every aspect of civilians' lives by freezing prices |
| Manhattan Project | A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb. |
| Executive Order 9066 | forced relocation of Japanese-Americans on the West Coast to internment camps out of fear of them being a threat to national security with the aftermath of Pearl Harbor |
| Yalta Conference | Big 3 decide that Germany will be divided There will be free elections in the liberated countries of the East Soviets would enter into war with Japan United Nations |
| Pearl Harbor | Japan bombed the ships of the American Military base |
| Axis Powers | Germany |
| Allied Powers (ww2) | US |
| Joseph Stalin | Communist dictator of the Soviets |
| Cold War | Period of Hostility between US and USSR w/o direct military conflict |
| Containment | US Goal to contain and stop the spread of communism |
| Korean War | Korea is divided into North and South. North is communist |
| Harry Truman | became president after the death of FDR |
| Marshall Plan | Economic aid to Europe |
| Truman Doctrine | Military Aid to nations threatened by USSR |
| NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization - Defensive military alliance |
| Berlin Airlift | Berlin was divided into NATO and communism. Allied planes flew supplies into West Berlin |
| CIA | Central Intelligence Agency |
| Covert spy operations to find communists | |
| Iron Curtain | Mentioned in Churchill's Speech: A figure of speech for the divide in Europe |
| Dwight Eisenhower | created departments of health |
| GI Bill of Rights | Farm/Home loans |
| Baby Boom | The period from 1946 to 1964 where 76 million babies were born |
| Levittown | Predesigned neighborhoods designed by William Levitt |
| Red Scare 2 | During the Cold War |
| Montgomery Bus Boycott | Boycott of AL buses for 1 yr by blacks and allies. Demanded that bus companies end segregation |
| Brown V. Board of Education | 1954 |
| JFK | Assassinated Domestic reform (New Frontier) Pres During the Cuban Missile Crisis |
| New Frontier | Kennedy's domestic agenda |
| Berlin Wall | Built around west berlin |
| LBJ | Kennedy's vice |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | Russians building underground sites in Cuba to launch missiles at the US |
| Bay of Pigs | Failure to eliminate Castro of Cuba (communist) |
| Martin Luther King Jr | Inspirational leader of nonviolence movement to end segregation |
| SCLC | Southern Christian Leadership conference: Organized ministers and churches to get behind the civil rights movement |
| SNCC | Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee |
| Freedom riders | Activists from the North who road buses through the South to push for desegregation |
| Freedom Summers | register as many African-American voters as possible in Mississippi. |
| Nikita Khrushchev | The Soviet leader denounced Stalin and supported peaceful coexistence |
| Fidel Castro | A revolutionary who overthrew the Cuban dictators. Communist |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | segregation/discrimination is illegal in all public spaces |
| Great Society | Johnson's domestic agenda + War on poverty |
| Vietnam war | A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam |
| 24th amendment | Abolishes poll taxes |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | ended literary tests and provided federal registrars in areas where blacks were prevented from voting. |
| Gulf of Tonkin Incident and Resolution | The attack on us ships that led to Congress giving the president power to use all necessary measures |
| Vietcong | nickname for the communist guerrillas fighting the South Vietnamese. |
| Ho Chi Minh Trail | A network of paths used to transport supplies to the vietcong |
| created departments of health | |
| GI Bill of Rights | Farm/Home loans |
| Baby Boom | The period from 1946 to 1964 where 76 million babies were born |
| Levittown | Predesigned neighborhoods designed by William Levitt |
| Red Scare 2 | During the Cold War |
| Led to McCarthyism (Accusation of senators being commies) | |
| Montgomery Bus Boycott | Boycott of AL buses for 1 yr by blacks and allies. Demanded that bus companies end segregation |
| Brown V. Board of Education | 1954 |
| JFK | Assassinated |
| Domestic reform (New Frontier) | |
| Pres During the Cuban Missile Crisis | |
| New Frontier | Kennedy's domestic agenda |
| Berlin Wall | Built around west berlin |
| LBJ | Kennedy's vice |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | Russians building underground sites in Cuba to launch missiles at the US |
| Bay of Pigs | Failure to eliminate Castro of Cuba (communist) |
| Martin Luther King Jr | Inspirational leader of nonviolence movement to end segregation |
| SCLC | Southern Christian Leadership conference: |
| Organized ministers and churches to get behind the civil rights movement | |
| SNCC | Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee |
| Freedom riders | Activists from the North who road buses through the South to push for desegregation |
| Freedom Summers | register as many African-American voters as possible in Mississippi. |
| Nikita Khrushchev | The Soviet leader denounced Stalin and supported peaceful coexistence |
| Fidel Castro | A revolutionary who overthrew the Cuban dictators. Communist |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | segregation/discrimination is illegal in all public spaces |
| Great Society | Johnson's domestic agenda + War on poverty |
| Vietnam war | A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam |
| 24th amendment | Abolishes poll taxes |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | ended literary tests and provided federal registrars in areas where blacks were prevented from voting. |
| Gulf of Tonkin Incident and Resolution | The attack on us ships that led to Congress giving the president power to use all necessary measures |
| Vietcong | nickname for the communist guerrillas fighting the South Vietnamese. |
| Ho Chi Minh Trail | A network of paths used to transport supplies to the vietcong |
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