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Political research e
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Empirical research | Study of the way the world is, fact based |
| Normative research | Study of how the world should be, opinionated, moral argument, etc. |
| Independent variable | Cause of relationship with IV, predictor |
| Dependent variable | Outcome, main thing being studied, unchanged |
| Falsifiable | Important for a hypothesis in that it could be wrong |
| Characteristics of good hypothesis | Casual relationship, falsifiable, testable, |
| Probabilistic causality | A change in the IV USUALLY causes a change in the DV |
| Deterministic causality | A change in the IV ALWAYS causes a change in the DV |
| Reverse causation | When variables are linked but relationship is opposite of what was assumed |
| Spurious relationship | Relationship that appears to be causal, but is not |
| Temporal Order | Assumption that IV changes before the DV changes, A cannot happen after B |
| Correlation | Two variables move together, not causation (A causes B) |
| Internal validity | Proves A causes B, focuses on variables and correlations |
| External validity | Results of study can be generalized to real world, focuses on real world relationships |
| Post-hoc fallacy | Fallacy in thinking that because B happened after A, A must cause B |
| Observational study | Observing world and existing characteristics |
| Cross-sectional study | Data collected at one point in time |
| Longitudinal study | Data collected at multiple points in time, could follow trends |
| Aggregate data | Refined collection of a lot of data from different sources |
| Ecological Fallacy | Fallacy of making inferences about individuals based on group aggregate data |
| Qualitative Research | Non-numeric data, subjective, interviewing, etc. |
| Post-Positivist | Rejects scientific method in favor of theories of behavior |
| Constructivist | Reality is constructed by society, subjective not fixed |
| Ethnography | Immersive observational study within a community |
| Case Selection | Purposeful choice of cases |
| Inductive Theory | Using specific observations to build a theory |
| Deductive Theory | Using a general theory and sort information to support it |
| Panel data | Examines the same cases at multiple points in time |
| Sample selection | Choosing members of a population to study for a representation of the whole population |
| Representative sample | Sample that accurately reflects the population |
| Margin of error | Allowing for mistakes, larger representative samples have less margin of error |
| Response rate | Extent to which people respond to studies and surveys, low as of recent |
| Internet panel | Surveys or ongoing feedback via the internet |
| Data coding | Transforming raw, unstructured data into organized categories |
| Nominal | Categories with no clear order |
| Ordinal | Ranked categories, has order |
| Interval | Numerical, has unit attached |
| Histogram | Graphical tool used to represent frequency |
| Face validity | General measure of how valid something is |
| Content validity | How accurately a study covers every base of what it's studying |
| Criterion based validity | How accurately a measure predicts a real world outcome |
| Reliability | If something is measured the same way, will it produce the same answer again |
| Validity | Is something accurately being measured |
| Univariate statistics | Simplest form of analysis, measuring/looking at a single varialbe |
| Mode | Number that appears most frequently in dataset |
| Skewed | Skewed to one side (opposite of what it looks like) |
| Centered | Symmetric around middle point in data |
| Uniform | Spread completely evenly |
| Bar chart | Chart for categorical data |
| Statistical inference | Using sample data to draw conclusions about society |
| Population paramater | True, fixed numerical value that describes an entire group |
| Sample statistic | Numerical value that describes characteristic of a sample group |
| Sample size | Number of people in a study |
| Sampling distribution | The distribution of a sample statistic under repeated sampling |
| Normal distribution | Bell-shaped probability curve |
| Null hypothesis | No relationship between variables, no correlation |
| Significance level | Threshold for how rare result must be to reject null hypothesis (usually 0.05) |
| Confidence interval | Best estimate of range of values that is likely to contain real value |
| Critical value | Separation of rejecting or supporting null hypothesis |
| T-score | How many standard errors a sample mean is away from population mean |
| Statistical significance | Highly unlikely to have occured by chance alone |
| P-value | Measure of if a relationship happened by chance or not |
| Independent samples T-test | Test used to determine if means in two groups deviate from each other |
| Correlation coefficient (r) | Measures the strength of a linear relationship between two variables |
| Correlation matrix | Table displaying correlation coefficients between variables |
| Scatterplot | Display of relationship between two numerical variables |
| Ordinary least squares regression | Used to measure relationship between 1 or more independent variables and a dependent variable |
| Regression intercept (constant or a) | Expected value of dependent variable when independent variable(s) are zero |
| Regression slope coefficient (b) | Rate of change in dependent variable for every 1 point increase in independent variable(s) |
| Significance of a slope | Measures rate of change and determines if a meaningful relationship exists |
| R-squared (R2) | Proportion of variance in independent variable as explained by dependent variable(s) |
| Standard error | How accurately sample mean represents true population mean |
| Control variable | Everything that could effect DV, kept constant |
| Multivariate regression | Regression with multiple independent variables |
| Dummy Variable in Regression | Allow for stuff for like sex, side of the equator, etc. to be included in regression |
| Research ethics | Guidelines to follow in doing research to ensure you stay ethical |
| Belmont Report | Report that outlines foundational ethical principles and guidelines for human research |
| Informed Consent | Ethical method where researcher informs subject when experiment or research is about and what it entails |
| Institutional Review Board | Ethical review board that reviews and approves behavioral research involving human subjects |
| Statistical literacy | Ability to read and interpret data based arguments and numeric info |
| Social construction | Process of assigning meaning to the world |
| Missing numbers | Something that sounds like a statistical conclusion but lacks numbers |
| Number laundering | Citing statistic from a source that is not the original source of the stat or number |
Created by:
rwancr