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Chemistry (P1)
States of Matter and Mixtures
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Describe the arrangement and movement of particles in solids | Tightly packed together in regular arrangement + vibrate in fixed positions |
| Describe the arrangement and movement of particles in liquids | Close together but able to move past each other, vibrate and move around eachother |
| Describe the arrangement and movement of particles in gases | Separated with no regular arrangement, move freely and fastly |
| Compare the relative energies of particles in solids, liquids and gases | Solids have the least amount of energy, gases have the highest |
| What is a physical change? | The changes in the forces between particles |
| What is a chemical change? | Where the changes affect the chemical properties of the substance |
| What is sublimation? | Solid to Gas |
| Describe in terms of particles, when a solid is melted to a liquid. (3) | -Particles are heated and absorb thermal energy -Thermal energy converted into kinetic energy -Particles vibrate more and expand and break |
| Describe in terms of particles, when a liquid is evaporated to a gas. (2) | -Particles expand -Gain energy to evaporate |
| What is a mixture? | A substance with 2 or more elements or compounds that aren't chemically combined |
| What is a pure substance? | A single element or compound not mixed with any other substance |
| How can you use melting point data to distinguish between a mixture and a pure substance? | Mixtures melt over a range of temperatures, pure substances have a fixed melting point |
| When is simple distillation used? | To separate a solvent from a solution, useful for producing water from salt solution |
| How can we separate ethanol from water? | Simple distillation: boil, evaporates first, cools in condenser |
| When is fractional distillation used to separate mixtures? | Separate all the elements/compounds in a mixture |
| How does fractional distillation work? | Oil is heated until it evaporates into the fractionating column, vapours rise up and condense at the different fractions |
| What do we use filtration for? | To separate an insoluble substance from a solution |
| Describe how to use filtration? | Put filter paper in a funnel, pour solution into conical flask through the funnel. |
| When do we use crystalisation? | To separate a soluble substance from a solution |
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