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cell bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| abdominal cavity? | Superior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity that contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, most of the small intestine, and part of the large intestine. |
| abdominopelvic cavity? | A cavity inferior to the diaphragm that is subdivided into a superior abdominal cavity and an inferior pelvic cavity. |
| anabolism? | Synthetic, energy-requiring reactions whereby small molecules are built up into larger ones. |
| antioxidants? | Antioxidants A substance that inactivates oxygen-derived free radicals. Examples are , zinc, |
| Aqueous humor? | The watery fluid, similar in composition to cerebrospinal fluid, that fills the anterior cavity of the eye. |
| atom? | Unit of matter that makes up a chemical element; consists of a nucleus (containing positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons) and negatively charged electrons that orbit the nucleus. |
| Auscultation | Examination by listening to sounds in the body. |
| b cells? | Lymphocyte that begins development in primary lymphoid organs and completes it in red bone marrow, a process that occurs throughout life. |
| buffer systems? | A weak acid and the salt of that acid (which functions as a weak base). Buffers prevent drastic changes in pH by converting strong acids and bases to weak acids and bases. |
| canal? | A cavity within the vertebral column formed by the vertebral foramina of all vertebrae and containing the spinal cord. Also called the spinal canal. |
| carbs? | Organic compound consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms is usually 2:1. Examples include sugars, glycogen, starches, and glucose. |
| cartilages? | A type of connective tissue consisting of chondrocytes in cartilage lacunae embedded in a dense network of collagen and elastic fibers and an extracellular matrix of chondroitin sulfate. |
| catabolism? | Chemical reactions that break down complex organic compounds into simple ones, with the net release of energy. |
| catalyst? | Chemical compound that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur. |
| cells? | The basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; the smallest structure capable of performing all activities vital to life. |
| Cerebrospinal fluid? | A fluid produced by ependymal cells that cover choroid plexuses in the ventricles of the brain; the fluid circulates in the ventricles, the central canal, and the subarachnoid space around the |
| chemical reaction? | Chemical reaction The formation of new chemical bonds or the breaking of old chemical bonds between atoms. |
| chemistry? | The science of the structure and interactions of matter. |
| Control center | Part of a feedback system that sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates input from receptors, and generates output commands. |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | A nucleic acid constructed of nucleotides consisting of one of four bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine, or thymine), deoxyribose, and a phosphate group; encoded in the nucleotides is genetic information. |
| diaphragm? | Any partition that separates one area from another, especially the dome-shaped skeletal muscle between the thoracic and abdominal cavities. A dome-shaped device that is placed over the cervix, usually with a spermicide, to prevent |
| effector? | An organ of the body, either a muscle or a gland, that is innervated by somatic or autonomic motor neurons. |
| enzymes? | A chemical substance that accelerates chemical reactions; an organic catalyst, usually a protein. |
| epidemiology? | Study of the occurrence and transmission of diseases and disorders in human populations. |
| extracellular fluid? | Fluid that surrounds body cells; the internal environment of the body. |
| fatty acids? | A simple lipid that consists of a carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon chain; used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids. |
| feedback system? | Cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, and reevaluated. |
| free radical? | An atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell. It is unstable, highly reactive, and destroys nearby molecules |
| gallbladder? | A small pouch, located inferior to the liver, that stores bile and empties by means of the cystic duct. |
| Gene | Biological unit of heredity; a segment of DNA located in a definite position on a particular chromosome; a sequence of DNA that codes for a particular mRNA, rRNA, or tRNA. |
| Glycogen? | A highly branched polymer of glucose containing thousands of subunits; functions as a compact store of glucose molecules in liver and muscle fibers (cells). |
| histology? | Microscopic study of the structure of tissues. |
| homeostasis? | The condition in which the body's internal environment remains relatively constant within physiological limits. |
| interstitial fluid? | The portion of extracellular fluid that fills the microscopic spaces between the cells of tissues. Also called intercellular or tissue fluid. |
| intracellular fluid? | Semifluid portion of cytoplasm in which organelles and inclusions are suspended and solutes are dissolved. Also called intracellular |
| lipids? | An organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that is usually insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform; examples include triglycerides (fats and oils), phospholipids |
| lipoproteins? | One of several types of particles containing lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides) and proteins that make it water soluble for transport in the blood; high levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) |
| liver? | Large organ under the diaphragm that occupies most of the right hypochondriac region and part of the epigastric region. Functionally, it produces bile and synthesizes most plasma proteins; interconverts nutrients; detoxifies substanc |
| lymph nodes? | Fluid confined in lymph vessels and flowing through the lymphoid system until it is returned to the blood. |
| Mediastinum? | Mediastinum The broad, median partition between the pleurae of the lungs that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column in the thoracic cavity. |
| membrane? | A thin, flexible sheet of tissue composed of an epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer, as in an epithelial membrane, or of areolar connective tissue only, as in a synovial membrane. |
| meninges? | Three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, called from external to internal dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. Singular is meninx |
| metabolism? | All the biochemical reactions that occur within an organism, including the synthetic (anabolic) reactions and decomposition (catabolic) reaction |
| molecules? | A combination of two or more atoms that share electrons |
| nucleic acids? | An organic compound that is a long polymer of nucleotides, with each nucleotide containing a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four possible nitrogenous bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine or uracil). |
| nucleus? | A spherical or oval organelle of a cell that contains the hereditary factors of the cell, called genes. A cluster of unmyelinated nerve cell bodies in the central nervous system. The central part of an at |
| pancreas? | A soft, oblong organ lying along the greater curvature of the stomach and connected by a duct to the duodenum. It is both an exocrine gland (secreting pancreatic juice) and an endocrine gland (secreting insulin, glucagon, somatostat |
| pelvic cavity? | Inferior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity that contains the urinary bladder, sigmoid colon, rectum, and internal female and male reproductive structures. |
| percussion? | The act of striking (percussing) an underlying part of the body with short, sharp taps as an aid in diagnosing the part by the quality of the sound produced. |
| pericardial cavity? | Small potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium that contains pericardial fluid. |
| pericardium? | A loose-fitting membrane that encloses the heart, consisting of a superficial fibrous layer and a deep serous layer. |
| peritoneum? | The largest serous membrane of the body that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the viscera within it. |
| physiology? | Science that deals with the functions of an organism or its parts. |
| pleura? | The serous membrane that covers the lungs and lines the walls of the chest and the diaphragm. |
| pleural cavities? | Small potential space between the visceral and parietal pleurae. |
| positive feedback system? | Feedback system that strengthens a change in one of the body's controlled conditions. |
| Prostaglandins (PGs) | Lipid released by damaged cells that intensifies the effects of histamine and kinins. |
| proteins? | An organic compound of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur and phosphorus; synthesized on ribosomes and made up of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. |
| quadrants? | One of four parts. |
| receptor? | A specialized cell or a distal portion of a neuron that responds to a specific sensory modality, such as touch, pressure, cold, light, or sound, and converts it to an electrical signal (generator or receptor potential). |
| Ribonucleic acid (RNA) | A single-stranted nucleic acid made up of nucleotides, each consisting of a nitrogenous base |
| saturated fatty acid? | A fatty acid that contains only single bonds (no double bonds) between its carbon atoms; all carbon atoms are bonded to the maximum number of hydrogen atoms; |
| skeletal muscle tissue? | Tissue of the skeletal muscle, composed of striated muscle fibers (cells), supported by connective tissue, attached to a bone by a tendon or an aponeurosis, and stimulated by somatic motor neurons. |
| small? | A long tube of the gastrointestinal tract that begins at the pyloric sphincter of the stomach |
| spleen? | Large mass of lymphoid tissue between the fundus of the stomach and the diaphragm that functions in formation of blood cells during early fetal development, phagocytosis of ruptured blood cells, and pro |
| stem cells? | An unspecialized cell that has the ability to divide for indefinite periods and give rise to a specialized cell. |
| subatomic particles? | Components of an atom. |
| substrates? | A reactant molecule upon which an enzyme acts. |
| synovial fluid? | lubricates joints and nourishes articular cartilage. |
| t cells? | Lymphocyte that begins development in primary lymphatic organs and completes it in the thymus. |
| thoracic cavity? | Cavity superior to the diaphragm that contains two pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity. |
| thymus? | A bilobed organ, located in the superior mediastinum posterior to the sternum and between the lungs, in which T cells develop immunocompetence. |
| tissues? | A group of similar cells and their intercellular substance joined together to perform a specific function. |
| triglycerides? | A lipid formed from one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids |
| viscera? | The organs inside the ventral body cavity. |
| Vitreous body? | jellylike substance that fills the vitreous chamber lying between the lens and the retina. |
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