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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| The brainstem is composed of... | the pons and medulla |
| The important point to remember about the brainstem is that it | has the least number of cells and synapses |
| The diencephalon is called | the midbrain, or interbrain |
| The diencephalon is connect to | the cerebral hemisphere |
| The diencephalon contains | the pituitary gland and hypothalamus, the latter of which produces growth and stress hormones. |
| The limbic system includes | the hippocampus, amygdala and thalamus. |
| The limbic system is located | above the brainstem within the cerebrum |
| The limbic system controls | emotions, memory and stimulation. |
| The neocortex is part of the cerebral cortex and is divided into | the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. |
| The neocortex is involved in | higher functions (e.g., sensory perception, motor commands and language). |
| Neocortex -___________ brain | Human brain; sensory, perception, cognition, spatial reasoning, language |
| Limbec - ____________ brain | Mammalian; emotions, memories, motor control, decision-making |
| Reptilian brain | fight, flight, feed, fornicate |
| Perry's first principle of neurodevelopment | hierarchical brain organization |
| Part of the brain that has the most synapses | cortex |
| lower regions of the brain organize more quickly because | they are less complex |
| They have fewer cells and synapses, resulting in | educed plasticity and the ability to adapt to the environment |
| The upper regions (like the cortex), with the most cells and synapses, have | the most plasticity and the ability to adapt to the environment. |
| s structural complexity increases, so, too, does | plasticity. |
| What are state memories and what are they created by? | Your brainstem and diencephalon create automatic state memories outside of your conscious awareness. When threat, deeper parts of brain trigger alarm, release stress hormones before brain's thinking center (cortex) registers what is happening. |
| Repeated stimulation of neuro pathways can | change the physical structure of the brain, moving behavior from a state to a trait. |
| TRUE OR FALSE: the ways in which people react to trauma depends on their level of development | TRUE |
| The cortex is responsible for many complex functions, including | memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thinking, language, and consciousness. |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Trauma can be associated with reduced size of the cortex. | TRUE |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Trauma may affect the “cross-talk” between the brain’s hemispheres, including parts of the brain governing emotions. | TRUE |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Young children typically react to trauma because of upset in caregiving or routines | TRUE |
| Trauma undermines the development of brain regions that would normally help children: | Manage fears, anxieties, and aggression Sustain attention for learning and problem solving Control impulses and manage physical responses to danger, enabling the child to consider and take protective actions |
| TRAUMA SYMPTOMS IN SCHOOL AGED CHILDREN | Sleep disturbances New difficulties with learning Difficulties in controlling startle reactions Behavior that shifts between overly fearful and overly aggressive |
| School-aged children with a history of trauma may: | Experience unwanted, intrusive thoughts Become preoccupied with frightening moments trauma Replay the trauma to see what could have been prevented or how different Develop intense, specific new fears linking back to the original danger |
| School aged children exposed to trauma may also exhibit these behaviors: | Alternate between shy/withdrawn and unusually aggressive behavior Become so fearful of recurrence they avoid previously enjoyable activities Have thoughts of revenge Experience sleep disturbances |
| The brain continues to develop in adolescence and young adulthood | , providing increased vulnerability, but also, a window of opportunity to make new connections based on experiences. |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Changes in dopamine levels during adolescence lead to risk-taking behavior. | TRUE |
| TRUE OR FALSE: With adult support, adolescents can learn self-regulation, coping skills, and mastery by taking risks. | TRUE |
| Trauma reactions in adolescents may lead to | Aggressive behavior Sleep disturbances masked by studying, tv watching Drug alcohol use as coping Self-harm Over- or under-estimation of danger Expectations of maltreatment, abandonment Difficulties w/trust Increased risk of revictimization |
| Homeless youth are at a greater risk for experiencing | trauma than other adolescents Many have run away to escape recurrent physical, sexual, and/or emotional abuse Female homeless teens are particularly at risk for sexual trauma |
| Special needs adolescents are | two to ten times more likely to be abused than their typically developing counterparts. |
| Common adult reactions to trauma include | Difficulty regulating emotions Numbing (i.e., detaching) Somatization (i.e., emotional distress exhibited via physical symptoms) Hyperarousal or sleep disturbances Increased substance use Isolation and withdrawal Worsening of a chronic illness |
| Adults' reactions to trauma depend on a number of factors, including: | Previous trauma Level of resilience and coping Level of mental health Severity and persistence of trauma |
| TRUE OR FALSE: DSM III labeled posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a mental health diagnosis (Herman, 1997). | TRUE |
| Hyperarousal: | being easily startled, having nightmares, feeling on edge or high alert); the individual continues to anticipate a threat. |
| Intrusion: | flashbacks, nightmares, and re-enactments; in other words, the person is "reliving" the event. |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Traumatic memories are stored differently than nontraumatic memories. | TRUE |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Re-enactments may be evident in the play of children or in adult behaviors, perhaps as an effort to "master" or triumph over an earlier traumatic event. | TRUE, and it may be done unconsciously |
| Constriction: | This includes numbing of perceptions, dissociation, and detachment from current reality. It can be a way the body is trying to manage the distressing experiences of intrusion, can lead to drug/alcohol use, past/future |
| TRUE OR FALSE: With trauma, systems of attachment and connections to other people are also changed | TRUE |
| Factors that appear to be protective and to reduce a person's negative responses to traumatic events include: | Having an internal locus of control Maintaining social connectivity to other people Using active coping strategies, including mobilizing efforts to try to actively help themselves during and after the traumatic event |
| Pearlman & Saakvitne (1995) offer related ways that an individual can be impacted by trauma, including: | Frame of reference e.g., worldview, identity, Self capacities (e.g., tolerating strong emotions, feeling connected Ego resources (e.g., intelligence, boundaries, considering consequences) Psychological needs (e.g., safety, trust, self-esteem) Memory |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Different people's responses to a similar traumatic event can range from no obvious impact to temporary, short-term impact, to long-term negative effects. | TRUE |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Main Idea #6 An individual's symptoms that can be traced from his/her traumatic encounter can be recognized as efforts to adapt to and cope with the trauma (Pearlman & Saakvitne, 1995). | TRUE |
| TRUE OR FALSE: "Trauma Theory" is not traditionally identified or supported by a single theorist | TRUE |
| ________________ helped articulate the growing shift in the understanding of trauma as a natural result of distressing circumstances, rather than a weakness in an individual. | Judy Herman |
| Other authors___________________ discuss the risks of secondary trauma or vicarious trauma to caregivers who are working with individuals who have been traumatized. | (Saakvitne, Pearlman, Stamm) |
| TRUE OR FALSE: as we learn more about the brain, neurobiologists are contributing to traumatology. | TRUE |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Contemporary Trauma Theory reflects all of these growing understandings of trauma and reflects how theory can "develop" over time | TRUE |
| TRUE OR FALSE: For the purposes of this class, and your growing understanding of trauma, all of these sources and ideas are considered aspects of overall "Trauma Theory". | TRUE |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Trauma-informed screening is an essential part of the intake process, as well as the treatment planning process. | TRUE |
| Trauma-informed screening entails determining whether | a client has a history of trauma and, if so, determining whether he/she has trauma-related symptoms, including (SAMHSA, 2014, p. 93) |
| Trauma-related symptoms: | Depressive/dissociative, sleep disturbances, intrusive experiences, mood disorders, Severity/characteristic of a specific trauma, Substance use, Social support and coping styles Availability of resources Risks for self-harm/violence Health screenings |
| TRUE OR FALSE: ssessment is warranted upon identification of any trauma-related symptoms to help determine the nature and extent of a client’s problem(s). | TRUE |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Ask all clients about any possible history of trauma; use a checklist to increase the likelihood of trauma identification | TRUE |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Clients who screen positive for trauma should also be screened for suicidal thoughts and behaviors | TRUE |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Do not delay screening (e.g., wait for a period of symptom stabilization or abstinence) | TRUE |
| Be aware the some clients won’t make a connection between their___________ and their current__________________ | history of trauma; patterns of behavior |
| Key to fostering individual protective factors and lessoning the impact of STS is the development of | good self-care strategies |
| Protective factors to minimize the effect of STS can be fostered at the organizational level, too, by | providing clinicians with appropriate training in trauma-specific treatment strategies and by balancing the assignment of trauma vs. non-trauma caseloads. |
| Self-care falls into several different categories or life-realms (6) | Physical Self-Care Psychological Self-Care Emotional Self-Care Spiritual Self-Care Relationship Self-Care Workplace/Professional Self-Care |
| Common symptoms of trauma: | hypervigilance, dissociation, shame, emotional numbing, anxiety, mistrust, substance misuse. |
| hypervigilance | chronic, heightened awareness where your brain constantly scans your environment for threats |
| dissociation | mental process where a person disconnects from their thoughts, feelings, memories, or sense of identity |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Behaviors often viewed as “problematic” are frequently adaptive survival responses to trauma. | TRUE |
| Trauma can alter: | stress-response systems, emotional regulation, memory processing, nervous system functioning. |
| Trauma is strongly associated with: | substance use disorders, depression, PTSD, anxiety disorders, self-harm, chronic health conditions. |
| ACEs: early trauma increases risk for: | addiction, mental illness, chronic disease, relationship difficulties. |
| Substance is often conceptualized as: | self-medication, emotional regulation, avoidance of traumatic memories. |
| Healing from trauma requires: | empowerment, connection, meaning-making, resilience-building, supportive relationships. |
| Trauma screening should be________, ________, and _________. | Routine, sensitive, and client-centered. |
| ____________ identifies possible trauma exposure/symptoms. | Screening |
| ___________ provides deeper clinical understanding. | Assessment |
| When assessing trauma, providers should: | explain why questions are asked, obtain informed consent, avoid forcing disclosure, assess current safety, pace conversations appropriately. |
| Poorly conducted screenings can ______________ individuals. | re-traumatize |
| TIC trauma informed care assessment principles should: | emphasize strengths and resilience, consider cultural context, identify coping strategies, examine trauma’s relationship to substance use and mental health. |
| Sociopolitical trauma is connected to: | racism, immigration stress, poverty, war, gender oppression, discrimination, structural violence. |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Trauma must be understood within broader sociopolitical systems, not only as an individual psychological issue. | TRUE |
| Critique of traditional trauma models: | individualize suffering, ignore systemic oppression, overlook cultural realities. |
| Role of practitioner in trauma informed care: | recognize privilege and power, understand institutional inequities, engage in advocacy, create culturally humble relationships. |
| trauma informed practice includes: | validating lived experiences, resisting pathologizing clients, supporting empowerment and community healing. |
| Pathologizing: | the practice of categorizing normal human emotions, behaviors, or physical responses as signs of a disease or mental illness |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Trauma is both individual and social. | TRUE |
| ________ and ___________ are central to trauma informed care. | Safety; empowerment |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Systems can re-traumatize | TRUE: Punitive, judgmental, or culturally insensitive services |
| Trauma recovery involves: | recognizing survival strategies, strengths, relationships, and community supports. |
| Effective trauma informed care must account for: | culture, identity, historical trauma, social context, power dynamics. |
Created by:
hdemerly