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TOAS_FINALS
Clash of Civilizations & Hinduism
| Definition | Term |
|---|---|
| - April 18, 1927 – December 24, 2008 - American political scientist; mentored Fareed Zakaria, Joel Migdal, and Francis Fukuyama - Director, University Harvard Center for International Affairs | Samuel Huntington -The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (1996) |
| In the post-Cold War world, the most important distinctions among peoples are not ideological, political, or economic. They are ? | cultural |
| People define themselves in terms of ? | ancestry, religion, language, history, values, customs, and institutions |
| They identify with cultural groups: ? | tribes, ethnic groups, religious communities, nations, and, at the broadest level, civilizations |
| People use (?) not just to advance their interests but also to define their (?) | politics & identity |
| The culmination of decades of ideological rivalry, geopolitical competition, nuclear tensions, and proxy war. | US-Israel and Iran Conflict |
| Before 1979, Iran was one of the US closest allies in the region and maintained cooperative relations with Israel. However, the Islamic Revolution created a regime fiercely opposed to US influence and ideologically committed to anti-Zionism. | The 1979 Iranian Islamic Revolution |
| The Iranian leadership framed Israel as illegitimate and an extension of Western/”imperialist” power. Israel viewed post-revolution Iran as a long-term existential threat due to its support for anti-Israeli militant groups. | Ideological and Identity-Based Hostility |
| Israel considers a nuclear-armed Iran unacceptable. The US joined in supporting Israel. | Fears of Nuclear Weaponization |
| Iran developed the (?) as part of its regional security strategy. | “Axis of Resistance” |
| (?) = mostly Catholic → more aligned with Western Europe | Croats |
| (?) = mostly Eastern Orthodox → more aligned with Russia/Orthodox world | Serbs |
| (?) = mostly Muslim → more connected to the Islamic world | Bosniaks |
| For Huntington, this is an example of a (?) where civilizational differences deepen political conflict. | “fault line conflict” |
| It remains the principal actors in world affairs. Their behavior is shaped, as in the past, by the pursuit of power and wealth, but it is also shaped by cultural preferences, commonalities, and differences. | Nation-states |
| The (?) (?) who has noted, “will contain at least six major powers-the United States, Europe, China, Japan, Russia, and probably India, as well as a multiplicity of medium-sized and smaller countries.” | “International system of the twenty-first century,” & Henry Kissinger |
| In this new world, local politics is the politics of ? | ethnicity |
| global politics is the politics of ? | civilizations |
| The rivalry of the superpowers is replaced by ? | the clash of civilizations |
| In this new world, the most pervasive, important, and dangerous conflicts will not be between social classes, rich and poor, or other economically defined groups, but between people belonging to ? | different cultural entities |
| “Cultural conflicts,” (?) has observed, “are increasing and are more dangerous today than at any time in history.” | Vaclav Havel |
| who agreed that “future conflicts will be sparked by cultural factors rather than economics or ideology.” And the most dangerous cultural conflicts are those along the fault lines between civilizations. | Jacques Delors |
| Societies united by ideology or historical circumstance but divided by civilization either come apart or are subjected to intense strain. | Ideology vs. Culture |
| Uses Role Theory to bridge the gap between the Confucian and Western conceptions of relationality. | Chih-yu Shih |
| It is a role-based ethics and relational obligations | Confucian International Relations |
| emphasis on sovereignty and anarchy. | Western IR |
| The distinction between prior rule-based relations and improvised relations is central to understanding how actors engage with strangers or “alters” in the absence of shared norms. | Chih-yu Shih’s Confucian IR Framework |
| Explores how states behave based on the roles they perceive for themselves and expect from others - shaped by identity, norms, and interaction. | Role Theory |
| Emphasizes that global politics is shaped not by isolated actors or fixed structures, but by dynamic, evolving relationships. | Relational Theory |
| - The first-ever meeting between leaders of North Korea and the United States. - A summit meeting between North Korean Chairman Kim Jong Un and US President Donald Trump held at the Capella Hotel, Sentosa, Singapore, on June 12, 2018. | 2018 North Korea-United States Singapore Summit - They signed a joint statement, agreeing to security guarantees for North Korea, new peaceful relations, and the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula. |
| Adopts a powerful state role, which in hegemonic relations is equivalent to a completely estranged role of a 'rogue state'. Pyongyang asserts its independence and power by denouncing Tokyo's dependence on Washington. | Pyongyang’s Five Prior Relations |
| Self-reliance in politics, economics, and defense, positioning the Korean people as the masters of their destiny. | Juche Idea |
| The Cold War split Korea into how many regimes? | 2 |
| Unlike Western IR’s reliance on legal norms or social contracts, Confucian IR assumes that actor can relate to strangers by activating inherited roles such as: | Prior-rules Based Relations: Host-Guest Elder-Junior Kinship Friendship Teacher-Student |
| Moon and Kim held hands across the DMZ, symbolizing reconciliation. This was a ritualized act of role improvisation, not just diplomacy. | Panmunjom Summit (April 2018) |
| Moon helped broker the Trump-Kim summit by building trust and translating intentions between both sides. | Singapore Summit Facilitation |
| When Trump canceled the summit, Moon publicly expressed confusion but continued to engage Pyongyang, showing relational commitment over strategic alignment. | Post-summit Crisis Management |
| Kim's visits to Beijing and his respectful posture toward Xi signaled recognition of China's elder role in East Asian diplomacy. | Symbolic Deference |
| By accepting Xi as senior, Kim located himself within a Confucian hierarchy, gaining legitimacy through ritualized respect. | Relational Positioning |
| This enactment allowed Kim to approach Trump not as a subordinate, but as an equal partner-having already performed his relational duties with his regional elder. | Confidence Building |
| The ethical and symbolic gestures actors use to initiate relationships when no prior norms, roles, or shared frameworks exist. | Improvised Relations |
| - It is the major religious tradition in India. - 80% of the Indian population is Hindu. - 1.5% of the population of Pakistan is Hindu. - There are around 400,000 Hindus in the UK. Send remittances to South Asia or support charities. | Hinduism |
| a hereditary, hierarchical social structure, dating back over 3,000 years, that categorizes people based on traditional occupations and concepts of "purity" | Caste System - BKVSD |
| priests & teachers | Brahmins |
| warriors & rulers | Kshatriyas |
| farmers, traders, and merchants | Vaishyas |
| labourers | Shudras |
| street sweepers, latrine cleaners | Dalits (out castes) |
| - It refers to the lived, localized, and often non-Sanskritic expressions of Hindu belief and practice. - “What the majority of people actually do.” - How Hinduism is experienced and adopted by communities in everyday life. | Vernacular Hinduism |
| Worship of local deities such as gramadevatas (village gods), often represented by stones, trees, or simple shrines. Rituals involving possession, sacrifice, and harvest festivals tied to agrarian life. | Village and Folk Practices |
| blending agrarian rituals with Hindu devotion. | Pongal (Tamil Nadu) |
| worship of Goddess Mahakali with offerings of food. | Bonalu (Telangana) |
| It refers to a version of Hinduism that focuses on the Sanskrit texts. | Brahmanical Hinduism |
| the foundational scriptures of Hinduism; transmitted orally for centuries before being written down (c. 1500-500 BCE). | Vedas |
| texts that explore the nature of reality, consciousness, and the self. | Upanishads |
| sacred literature that blends mythology, cosmology, genealogy, and devotional teachings. | Puranas |
| The epics: (2) | Ramayana and Mahabharata |
| It has declined and eventually disappeared under the pressure from Aryan invaders entering South Asian from Central Europe.” | The Indus Valley Civilization |
| The (?) culture grew within India as a development of the Indus Valley Civilization | Aryan culture |
| Bronze Age civilization Sahiwal district, Punjab, Pakistan | Harappa |
| Mound of the dead Larkana district, Sindh, Pakistan Largest settlement of the Indus Valley civilization | Mohenjodaro |
| They were nomadic pastoralists. Knowledge of their social, political, economic structures, and religious practices comes from the Vedas. | Aryans |
| Accepts the authority of the Vedas. “There is, there exists” an ultimate self (Brahman), a manifestation of the ultimate self (Ishvara), and a personal self (Atman). | Astika (Orthodox) |
| The Preserver and Protector of the Universe | Vishnu |
| Avatar of Vishnu; the Supreme Being | Krishna |
| The Destroyer | Shiva |
| Divine Feminine Energy | Shakti |
| Two different sets of goddesses | Goddesses of the breast (refer to the wives and consort of male deities) Goddesses of the tooth (are associated with independence and sexuality) |
| An ancient Hindu text that outlines a comprehensive moral, social, and legal code, deeply shaping classical Indian society through its teachings on caste, gender, dharma, and life stages. | The Laws of Manu (It solidified and institutionalized such negative attitudes towards females. ) |
| Human beings are not just physical entities to be kept happy by producing and consuming. Humans comprise physical, mental, and spiritual aspects, and for the happiness of an individual, all three should be taken into consideration. | Hindu Economics |
| Human beings are regarded as economic beings. | Western Economics |
| Established by Anna Hazare | Ralegaon Siddhi |
| Established the village based on “Hindi economics, governed not by profit motives but by dharma, encompassing the value of goods but also of lives.” Transform into a prosperous village where literacy rates rose, alcohol consumption fell, .... | Ana Hazare |
| There is a need for (?) research in understanding the links between Hinduism and development in addition to work that is textual and historical in nature. | ethnographic research |
Created by:
Mayel