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Beowulf
Beowulf Study Guide Cards
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Hwæt | The famous opening word of Beowulf, translated by Seamus Heaney as "So" and Maria Dahvana Headley as "Bro!" |
| Nowell Codex | The 11th-century manuscript (also known as Cotton Vitellius A.xv) that contains the only surviving copy of Beowulf. |
| Heorot | The great mead-hall built by King Hrothgar that is terrorized by Grendel. |
| Unferth | The Danish warrior who challenges Beowulf's reputation and later lends him the sword Hrunting. |
| Breca | The childhood friend Beowulf competed against in a legendary seven-day swimming contest. |
| Wiglaf | The only loyal warrior who stays to help Beowulf slay the dragon in the poem's final act. |
| Hrunting | The ancient sword given to Beowulf by Unferth which fails to harm Grendel's mother. |
| Scyld Scefing | The legendary founder of the Danish royal line whose ship funeral opens the poem. |
| The Monsters and the Critics | The title of the influential 1936 lecture by J.R.R. Tolkien that shifted Beowulf studies from history to literary merit. |
| John Gardner | The author who wrote the 1971 postmodern novel retelling the epic from the monster’s perspective. |