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Devel. Psych Final 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| self-esteem | global evaluative dimension of the self, referred to as self-worth or self-image |
| self-concept | domain-specific evaluations of the self |
| self-efficacy | belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes |
| industry versus inferiority | middle to late childhood, children become interested in how things are made and how they work |
| preconventional reasoning | lowest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development, individual's moral reasoning is controlled primarily by external rewards and punishment |
| conventional reasoning | second, or intermediate, level of Kohlberg's theory of moral development. at this level, individuals abide by certain standards, but these are standards set by others such as parents or society |
| postconventional reasoning | highest level of Kohlberg's theory of moral development. at this level, the individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then decides on a personal moral code |
| gender stereotypes | broad categories that reflect our impressions and beliefs about females and males |
| popular children | frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers |
| average children | receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from their peers |
| neglected children | are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers |
| rejected children | infrequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their peers |
| controversial children | frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked |
| puberty | period of rapid physical maturation, occurring primarily in early adolescence, that involves hormonal and bodily changes |
| formal operational stage | adolescents are no longer limited to actual, concrete experiences as anchors for thought |
| adolescent egocentrism | heightened self-consciousness of adolescents |
| imaginary audience | adolescents' belief that others are as interested in them as they themselves are, as well as attention-getting behavior motivated by a desire to be noticed, visible, and "on stage" |
| personal fable | part of adolescent egocentrism that involves an adolescent's sense of uniqueness and invincibility |
| identity versus identity confusion | adolescents are faced with deciding who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life |
| identity diffusion | Marcia's term for the status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments |
| identity foreclosure | Marcia's term for the status of individuals who have made a commitment but have not experienced a crisis |
| identity moratorium | Marcia's term for the status of individuals who are in the midst of a crisis, but their commitments are either absent or vaguely defined |
| identity achievement | Marcia's term for the status of individuals who have undergone a crisis and have made a commitment |
| cliques | small group of about five or six individuals that may form among adolescents who engage in similar activities |
| crowds | larger group structure than a clique that is usually based on reputation; members may or may not spend much time together |
| rite of passage | ceremony or ritual that marks an individual's transition from one status to another, most focus on the transition to adult status |
| emerging adulthood | transition from adolescence to adulthood, which is characterized by experimentation and exploration, occurs approximately 18 to 25 years of age |
| postformal thought | thinking that is reflective, relativistic, contextual, provisional, realistic, and influenced by emotions |
| secure attachment style | adults who have positive views of relationships, find it easy to get close to others, and are not overly concerned or stressed out about thier romantic relationships |
| avoidant attachment style | adults who are hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships and once in a relationship tend to distance themselves from their partner |
| anxious attachment style | adults who demand closeness, are less trusting, and are more emotional, jealous, and possessive |
| romantic love | also called passionate love, has strong sexual and infatuation components and often predominates early in a love relationship |
| affectionate love | also called companionate love, an individual desires to have the other person near and has a deep, caring affection for the other person |
| middle adulthood | developmental period that begins at approximately 40 to 45 years of age and extends to about 60 to 65 years of age |
| menopause | cessation of a woman's menstrual periods, usually during the late 40s or early 50s |
| erectile dysfunction | inability to adequately achieve and maintain an erection to attain satisfactory sexual performance |
| crystallized intelligence | accumulated information and verbal skills, which increase in middle adulthood |
| fluid intelligence | the ability to reason abstractly, which begins to decline from middle adulthood onward |
| generativity versus stagnation | part of development that people think about the legacy they are leaving behind |
| empty nest syndrome | decrease in marital satisfaction that occurs after children leave home, because parents derive considerable satisfaction from their children |
| sandwich generation | has the responsibilities their adolescent and young adult children as well as their aging parents |
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taylor.post