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GeoPol_FINALS
Arctic & Antartic
| Definition | Term |
|---|---|
| The word “Arctic” comes from the Greek arktikos, meaning | “near the bear" |
| The Arctic region includes parts of ? | Canada, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the United States (Alaska). |
| The first recorded Arctic expedition | Pytheas of Massalia (330 BCE) |
| Pytheas of Massalia (330 BCE) reported strange frozen lands called ? | Thule. |
| Many explorers searched for the ? —a sea route linking the Atlantic and Pacific. This route was long considered almost mythical. | Northwest Passage |
| He searched for routes in the Arctic, but was eventually abandoned by his mutinous crew. | Henry Hudson |
| He tried to reach the North Pole in 182, but failed because the ice drifted south faster than he moved north. | Sir William Edward Parry |
| In 1848, he tried to cross the last unmapped part of the Northwest Passage. His two ships got trapped in ice near King William Island. | Sir John Franklin |
| In 1905, he successfully crossed the Northwest Passage. He used a smaller ship and only five crew members. He passed through the Canadian Arctic archipelago, the Bering Strait, and into the Pacific. | Roald Amundsen |
| He flew over the North Pole in an airship (1920s). | Amundsen |
| He reached the North Pole by motorcycle (1987). | Shinji Kazama |
| This causes more warming, which melts more ice, also called the ? - Less ice → darker surfaces exposed → more heat absorbed → more melting | Albedo effect |
| Arctic claims are based mainly on the ? | United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) |
| Arctic Five (states with Arctic coastlines): | Canada, Russia, the United States, Norway, and Denmark (through Greenland). |
| Other full members: - These 8 countries are the main institutional actors in Arctic governance. | Iceland, Finland, Sweden. |
| Russian troops practiced repelling an invasion by a fictional foreign power called ? | “Missouri” = clearly meant to symbolize the United States |
| An ocean located at the north pole, it is deemed as the smallest of all the oceans with only 5.4 million square miles (still as big as Russia). | Arctic Ocean |
| Its center is located in Finland and contains all of northern Scandinavia (except for the Norwegian coast) and the northwestern corner of Russia. | Baltic Shield |
| NATO can use this to suppress Russia’s Baltic Fleet through a blockade. | Skagerrak Strait |
| GIUK stands for - This area was dubbed as the ‘Kill Zone’ as NATO had caught numerous Soviet Fleets in here during the Cold War. | (Greenland, Iceland and the UK): |
| is the southernmost continent of Earth that covers approximately 14.2 million square kilometers, making it the fifth-largest continent in the world, larger than Europe or Australia. - is too expensive for most countries to operate independently. | Antarctica |
| An intl Scientific body that coordinates research efforts in Antarctica. It operates under the International Science Council (ISC). It does not make political decisions but provides scientific knowledge that could affect/Influence policy making. | SCAR (Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research) |
| - Practical and Logistical side of Antarctic operations–Transportation, Infrastructure, Safety, and Environmental management. - Allows states to share resources and coordinate logistics for the purpose of research efficiency. | COMNAP (Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs) |
Created by:
Mayel