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History
Us 11th grade Semester Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A cheap and efficient method for making steel by blasting air through molten iron to remove impurities. | bessemer process |
| Originally a byproduct of oil refining, it became the essential fuel for the internal combustion engine. | gasoline |
| Known as the "Magic City" because of its rapid growth as a Southern hub for iron and steel production. | Birmingham,AL |
| The architect known as the "Father of the American Skyscraper" for designing the first steel-frame building. | William Jenney |
| The inventor of the telephone (1876), which revolutionized global communication. | Alexander Graham Bell |
| The philosopher who coined the term "survival of the fittest" and applied it to society (Social Darwinism). | Herbert Spencer |
| "The Wizard of Menlo Park" who perfected the incandescent light bulb and created a system for distributing electrical power. | Thomas Edison |
| Complete control over an industry’s production, wages, and prices by a single company. | Monopoly |
| A market structure in which a few large firms dominate an industry. | Oligopoly |
| Immigrants who came to the U.S. temporarily to earn money and then returned to their homelands. | Birds of Passage |
| The movement of people into a foreign country to live permanently. | immigration |
| The rapid growth of cities, primarily in the Northeast and Midwest, due to industrialization. | urbanization |
| Confusion and anxiety resulting from immersion in a culture different from one’s own. | culture shock |
| The primary immigration processing station in New York Harbor for European immigrants. | Ellis Island |
| The primary immigration processing station in San Francisco Bay for Asian immigrants. | Angel Island |
| A poetic reference to the promise of opportunity and "streets paved with gold" in America. | Golden Doors |
| Issues including overcrowded housing (tenements), poor sanitation, lack of clean water, fire hazards, and increased crime. | Urbanization |
| National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; founded in 1909 to fight for racial equality. | NAACP |
| A school in Virginia providing vocational training to African Americans (where Booker T. Washington was educated). | Hampton Institute |
| Founded by Booker T. Washington to provide agricultural and industrial education to African Americans. | Tuskegee Institute |
| A late 19th-century political movement seeking to advance the interests of farmers and laborers. | Populist Movement |
| An early 20th-century reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people and correct injustices. | Progressive Movement |
| An advocate for improving the lives of women and children; helped win passage of the Illinois Factory Act. | Florence Kelley |
| Social reformer who co-founded Hull House to help the urban poor. | Jane Addams |
| 16th (Income Tax), 17th (Direct election of Senators), 18th (Prohibition), and 19th (Women’s Suffrage). | Progressive Amendments |
| Muckraker who wrote The Jungle, exposing the unsanitary conditions of the meatpacking industry. | Upton Sinclair |
| Muckraker who wrote The History of the Standard Oil Company, exposing John D. Rockefeller's ruthless business practices. | Ida Tarbell |
| The most famous "settlement house," located in Chicago, providing social services to immigrants. | Hull House |
| Progressive President known for "Square Deal" reforms, trust-busting, and conservation. | Teddy Roosevelt |
| Roosevelt’s hand-picked successor; a conservative Progressive who busted more trusts but angered reformers. | William Taft |
| Democrat elected in 1912; his "New Freedom" program attacked the "triple wall of privilege" (tariffs, banks, and trusts). | Woodrow Wilson |
| A compromise bill signed by Taft that failed to significantly lower tariffs, upsetting Progressives. | Payne-Aldrich Tariff |
| Signed by Wilson; it substantially reduced import fees for the first time since the Civil War. | Underwood Tariff |
| 1896 Supreme Court case that ruled "separate but equal" facilities were constitutional. | Plessy vs Ferguson |
| The Progressive Party formed by Teddy Roosevelt for his 1912 presidential run. | Bull Moose Party |
| The university where Woodrow Wilson served as president before becoming Governor of New Jersey and then U.S. President. | Princeton |
| A private letter from the Spanish minister that insulted President McKinley; its publication fueled war fever. | de Lome Letter |
| Sensationalized and often exaggerated news reporting used to lure and enrage readers. | yellow journalism |
| An artificial waterway cut through the Isthmus of Panama to provide a shortcut between the Atlantic and Pacific. | Panama Canal |
| A former Confederate general who served as a U.S. general during the Spanish-American War. | Joe Wheeler |
| U.S. Army doctor who successfully suppressed yellow fever and malaria during the canal construction. | William Gorgas |
| A volunteer cavalry unit led by Leonard Wood and Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish-American War. | Rough Riders |
| U.S. warship that exploded in Havana Harbor; Spain was blamed, leading to war. | USS Maine |
| Ended the Spanish-American War; U.S. gained Guam, Puerto Rico, and bought the Philippines. | Treaty of Paris 1898 |
| Negotiated by Teddy Roosevelt, it ended the Russo-Japanese War (earning him a Nobel Peace Prize). | Treaty of Portsmouth |
| The policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories. | Imperialism |
| What factors lead to WW1? | militarism, alliances, imperialism and nationalism (MAIN) |
| A policy of pulling away from involvement in world affairs (the U.S. stance at the start of WWI). | Isolationism |
| The barren, dangerous territory between opposing trenches. | No Man's Land |
| A British passenger ship sunk by a German U-boat; the death of 128 Americans turned U.S. public opinion against Germany. | Lusitania |
| A message from Germany to Mexico proposing an alliance against the U.S.; it was a final straw for U.S. entry into the war. | Zimmerman Telegram |
| The British navy’s prevention of ships reaching Germany, causing a famine that killed an estimated 750,000 Germans. | British Blockade |
| The Balkan Peninsula, where ethnic tensions were so high that one spark (the assassination) could start a war. | Powder Keg of Europe |
| An economic and political system based on a single-party government and state ownership of property. | Communism |
| President whose administration was marred by corruption (Teapot Dome Scandal) and his "Ohio Gang" friends. | Warren Harding |
| Known as "Silent Cal," he favored pro-business policies and a "hands-off" government approach. | Calvin Coolidge |
| A period of intense fear of communism and radicals in the U.S. following the Russian Revolution. | Red Scare |
| The illegal use of political influence for personal gain. | Graft |
| People who oppose any form of government. | Anarchists |
| A controversial 1915 film that glorified the KKK and led to its resurgence in the 1920s. | Birth of a Nation |
| A group of President Harding’s friends and advisors who used their offices to become wealthy through graft. | Ohio Gang |
| A Protestant movement grounded in the literal, non-symbolic interpretation of the Bible. | fundamentalism |
| The first Director of the FBI; he led the agency for decades, starting in the 20s. | J Edgar Hoover |
| Federal Bureau of Investigation; the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States. | FBI |
| Two Italian immigrants and anarchists executed for murder despite weak evidence, symbolizing the era's nativism. | Sacco and Vanzetti |
| "The Mother Road" that carried thousands of migrants from the Midwest to California. | Route 66 |
| President at the start of the Depression; widely blamed for not doing enough to provide direct relief. | Herbert Hoover |
| Collections of makeshift shacks (often called "Hoovervilles") where the homeless lived. | Shantytowns |
| (Hoover Dam) A massive public works project on the Colorado River that provided jobs and electricity. | Boulder Dam |
| "Black Tuesday"; the day the stock market crashed, signaling the start of the Great Depression. | Oct 29 1929 |
| Cash payments or food provided by the government directly to the poor. | Direct Relief |
| The period from 1929 to 1940 in which the economy plummeted and unemployment skyrocketed. | Great Depression |
| Hoover’s belief that people should succeed through their own efforts rather than relying on the government. | Rugged Individualism |
| The region (TX, OK, KS, CO, NM) made worthless for farming by drought and dust storms in the 1930s. | Dust Bowl |
| In this context, the continued dominance of large corporations despite the economic collapse. | Monopoly |
| A nickname for migrants (not just from Oklahoma) who moved west to escape the Dust Bowl. | Okies |
| Tennessee Valley Authority; a federal corporation that built dams to prevent floods and provide electricity to the Tennessee Valley. | TVA |
| Civilian Conservation Corps; a program that put young men to work building roads, parks, and planting trees. | CCC |
| How many dams were built in Alabama by TVA? | 9 |
| A 1939 film that offered Depression-era audiences a popular escape into a romanticized Civil War past. | Gone with the Wind |
| Author of The Grapes of Wrath, which chronicled the hardships of "Okies" during the Depression. | John Steinbeck |
| The artist famous for the painting American Gothic, depicting rural life during the 1930s. | Grant Wood |
| Fascist dictator of Nazi Germany. | Hitler |
| Totalitarian leader of the Soviet Union. | Stalin |
| Fascist dictator of Italy. | Mussolini |
| An international organization that failed to prevent the aggression of Axis powers in the 1930s. | League of Nations |
| "Lightning War"; Germany’s military strategy using fast tanks and aircraft to surprise and overwhelm the enemy. | Blitzkrieg |
| A demilitarized zone in Germany that Hitler re-occupied in 1936, defying the Treaty of Versailles. | Rhineland |
| A region of Czechoslovakia that Hitler demanded and was given at the Munich Conference. | Sudentenland |
| An agreement in which Britain and France used "appeasement," giving Hitler the Sudetenland to avoid war. | Munich Pact |
| A series of laws passed by Nazi Germany that stripped Jews of their citizenship and rights. | Nuremberg Laws |
| A series of laws passed by the U.S. Congress to keep the country out of future wars. | Neutrality Act |
| The date Germany invaded Poland, marking the official start of World War II. | September 1 1939 |
| The date of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, bringing the U.S. into the war. | December 7 1941 |
| The Cleveland DJ credited with coining the term "Rock 'n' Roll." | Alan Freed |
| Founder of Sun Records who discovered Elvis Presley and helped launch Rock 'n' Roll. | Sam Phillips |
| The 49th and 50th states admitted to the Union in 1959. | Alaska Hawaii |
| A record label in Memphis, Tennessee, instrumental in the birth of Rock 'n' Roll. | Sun Records |
| 1954 Supreme Court case that ruled "separate but equal" in public schools was unconstitutional. | Brown vs Board of Education |
| 34th President and former WWII general; known for his "middle of the road" domestic policies. | Dwight Eisenhower |
| 1956 law that authorized the building of a national highway system, transforming American travel. | Interstate Highway Act |
| The 1950s period when TV became a mass medium and home staple. | Golden Age of Television |
| Actor who became a symbol of teenage rebellion and disillusionment in the 50s. | James Dean |
| A major film star and sex symbol of the 1950s. | Marilyn Monroe |
| "The King of Rock 'n' Roll" who became a cultural icon. | Elvis Presley |
| A legendary country and rockabilly singer who began his career at Sun Records. | Johnny Cash |
| The Democratic candidate who lost the 1952 and 1956 elections to Eisenhower. | Adlai Stevenson |
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