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Rocks
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Rocks | Make up the earth's crust, which is made of a mixture of minerals and other materials |
| Texture | The look and feel of the rocks surface; the grain: what gives the rock its texture. Grain size, grain shape, grain pattern, no visible grain |
| Mineral Composition | Geologists use a microscope to observe the shape and size of the rock’s crystals. |
| Origin | 1. Sedimentary: forms in layers from sediment 2. Igneous: forms from magma or lava 3. Metamorphic: formed deep underground with heat & pressure |
| Igneous Rocks | Formed from intense heat that comes from magma or lava. |
| Extrusive Rocks | Igneous rocks formed from lava that erupted onto Earth's surface |
| Intrusive Rocks | Igneous rocks formed from magma that hardens beneath Earth's surface. |
| Texture | Depends upon the size and shape of the crystals |
| Porphyritic texture | Large crystals surrounded by small crystals, which form when magma cools in two stages. |
| Uses of Igneous Rocks | Used because they are hard, dense, and durable |
| Basalt | Gravel |
| Pumice | Cleaning and polishing |
| Perlite | Soil mixes |
| Obsidian | Sharp tools |
| Granite | Building materials |
| Sedimentary Rocks | Formed from layers of sediment deposited by water and wind |
| Sediment | Small solid pieces of rock or living things. |
| Changing sediments to rocks | A. Erosion: wind or water carry sediments B. Deposition: when the water or wind stops carrying the sediments C. Compaction: presses sediments together D. Cementation: when dissolved minerals and sediment glue together. |
| Clastic Rocks | Formed sedimentary rocks are squeezed together |
| Examples of clastic rocks | Shale, sandstone, conglomerate, and breccia |
| Organic Rocks | Formed when layers of plants and animals are deposited in thick layers |
| Examples of organic rocks | Coal, and limestone |
| Chemical Rocks | When minerals are dissolved in a solution crystallize |
| Uses of Sedimentary Rocks | A. Limestone and sandstone: building materials B. Coal: fossil fuel |
| Metamorphic Rocks | Formed from heat and pressure deep beneath the earth's surface change sedimentary and igneous rocks into metamorphic |
| Grains | The arrangement of the grains |
| Foliated | Grains arranged in parallel layers or bands |
| Non-foliated | Mineral grains are arranged randomly |
| Uses of Metamorphic Rocks | A. Marble: building materials B. Slate: flooring, roofing, chalkboards |
| Limestone changes to | Marble |
| Sandstone changes to | Quartzite |
| Shale changes to | Slate |
| Granite changes to | Gneiss |
| The Rock Cycle | Forces inside the Earth and at the surface of the Earth produce a rock cycle that builds, destroys, and changes the rocks in the crust. |
| Subducting Oceanic Plates | Plate movements (downward) drive the rock cycle by pushing rocks back into the mantle, where they melt and become magma again. |
| Colliding Continental Plates | Plate movement that causes folds, faulting, and uplifting of the crust that moves rocks through the rock cycle. |
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