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pharm chapt 2
pharm unit one
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a drug? | A chemical that affects physiologic processes in a living organism. |
| What is pharmacology? | Study of drugs and their interaction with living systems. |
| What is the main goal of pharmacology? | To understand therapeutic benefits, toxic effects, and safe drug administration. |
| Which drug name describes molecular structure? | Chemical name |
| Which name is the official nonproprietary name? | Generic name |
| What is the purpose of a trade name? | Marketing and brand recognition |
| What is absorption? | Movement of drug into the bloodstream |
| What is bioavailability? | Amount of drug reaching systemic circulation |
| What is the first-pass effect? | Liver metabolism of oral drugs before circulation |
| Which route has 100% bioavailability? | IV |
| What affects how drugs are distributed in the body? | Blood flow, protein binding, and tissue type |
| Which form of a drug is active? | Free (unbound) drug |
| Why does low albumin increase toxicity risk? | More free drug is available |
| Where do fat-soluble drugs accumulate? | Fat tissues |
| Where does most drug metabolism occur? | Liver |
| What is drug metabolism? | Chemical conversion of drugs into different forms |
| What are the three possible outcomes of metabolism? | Inactive metabolites Active metabolites More water-soluble compounds |
| Why is metabolism important? | It prepares drugs for excretion |
| What enzyme system is primarily responsible for drug metabolism? | Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) |
| What do enzyme inducers do? | Decrease drug effect (increase metabolism) |
| What do enzyme inhibitors do? | Increase toxicity risk (slow metabolism) |
| What happens if metabolism is too fast? | Drug may be ineffective |
| What happens if metabolism is too slow? | Drug may accumulate and cause toxicity |
| What patient factors affect metabolism? | Liver function Age Genetics Drug interactions |
| What is the main organ for excretion? | Kidneys |
| Name three renal processes of excretion. | Glomerular filtration Tubular secretion Tubular reabsorption |
| What is enterohepatic recirculation? | Recycling of drug from bile to liver, prolonging effect |
| What is half-life (t½)? | Time required for 50% of drug to be eliminated |
| How many half-lives for drug removal? | About 5 |
| What is pharmacodynamics? | What the drug does to the body |
| Can drugs create new body functions? | No, only modify existing ones |
| What is an agonist? | Activates receptor |
| What is an antagonist? | Blocks receptor, no activation |
| What is a partial agonist? | Produces weaker response |
| What is therapeutic index? | Ratio of toxic dose to therapeutic dose |
| What does a low therapeutic index mean? | High risk of toxicity |
| What is additive interaction? | 1 + 1 = 2 |
| What is synergistic interaction? | 1 + 1 > 2 |
| What is antagonistic interaction? | 1 + 1 < 2 |
| What is an allergic reaction? | Immune-mediated response |
| What is an idiosyncratic reaction? | Genetic/unpredictable response |
| Why is IV ≠ PO dosing? | IV avoids first-pass metabolism |
| Why should SR or XL drugs not be crushed? | It alters release and can cause toxicity |
| Why are protein-bound drugs risky? | They increase interaction potential |
| Adverse drug reactions? | Allergic reactions, toxic reactions, drug interactions, and idiosycratic reactions |
| mutagenic drug effect causes | genetic mutation |
| teratogenic drug effect causes | fatal harm |
| carcinogenic drug effect causes | causes cancer |
| dependence | a need for a drug |
| tolerance | reduced response over time |
| psychological dependence | addiction |
| priority care | Airway, Breathing, Circulation. ABC's |
Created by:
muvamayi