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Apush unit 10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. King Cotton Diplomacy | This was a Confederate strategy during the Civil War that aimed to use the economic power of cotton exports to persuade Britain and France to recognize the Confederacy and provide military assistance. |
| 2. Morrill Land Grant Act | Passed in 1862, this act granted federal land to states to establish colleges focused on agriculture and mechanical arts, greatly expanding educational opportunities. |
| 3. The Trent Affair | A diplomatic incident in 1861 when a U.S. naval vessel intercepted a British mail ship and arrested two Confederate diplomats. This nearly led to war between the U.S. and Britain. |
| 4. Peninsula Campaign & McClellan | The Peninsula Campaign (1862) was a Union offensive led by General George B. McClellan to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. McClellan was known for his caution and meticulous planning, which ultimately contributed to the campaign's fa |
| 5. C.S.S. Virginia (Merrimack) 4. U.S.S. Monitor | These were two ironclad warships that fought in the Battle of Hampton Roads in 1862. The C.S.S. Virginia (rebuilt from the USS Merrimack) represented the Confederacy, and the USS Monitor was the Union's ironclad. Their battle was the first of its kind and |
| 6. Antietam | A pivotal battle fought in Maryland in September 1862, it was the bloodiest single day in American history. The Union victory gave President Lincoln the confidence to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. |
| 7. Emancipation Proclamation | Issued by President Lincoln in 1863, it declared that all slaves in Confederate-held territory were to be freed. It fundamentally changed the goals of the Civil War, making it a fight against slavery. |
| 8. Thirteenth Amendment | Ratified in 1865, this amendment to the U.S. Constitution formally abolished slavery and involuntary servitude throughout the United States. |
| 9. Fredericksburg | A major Confederate victory in December 1862, where Union forces under General Ambrose Burnside suffered heavy losses in frontal assaults against well-entrenched Confederate positions. |
| 9. Gettysburg Address | A famous speech delivered by President Abraham Lincoln in November 1863 at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. It redefined the meaning of the Civil War as a struggle for equality and democracy. |
| 10. Vicksburg | The Union's successful siege and capture of Vicksburg, Mississippi, in July 1863, gave them control of the entire Mississippi River, splitting the Confederacy in two. |
| 11. Sherman's March | Union General William Tecumseh Sherman's destructive march across Georgia in late 1864, from Atlanta to Savannah. It employed a "total war" strategy, targeting civilian infrastructure and resources to cripple the Confederacy's ability to wage war. |
| 12. Copperheads | A faction of Democrats in the Union who opposed the Civil War and advocated for a peace settlement with the Confederacy. |
| 13. Union Party | A temporary political coalition formed in 1864 by Republicans and War Democrats to support Abraham Lincoln's re-election and the continuation of the war effort. |
| 14. Appomattox Courthouse | The site in Virginia where Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant on April 9, 1865, effectively ending the Civil War. |
| 15. Reform Bill of 1867 | (This likely refers to a British reform bill, not directly related to the US Civil War context, but might be included for comparative study.) This act significantly expanded suffrage in Great Britain, granting the right to vote to many working-class men. |
| 16. Major Generals for Both Sides | This refers to the high-ranking military officers who commanded armies for the Union and the Confederacy during the Civil War. |
| 17. Clement Vallandigham | A prominent anti-war Democrat from Ohio who was arrested and exiled to the Confederacy for speaking out against the war. |
| 18. John Wilkes Booth | The actor who assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865. |
| 19. Freedmen's Bureau | Officially known as the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, this federal agency was established in 1865 to assist former slaves and poor whites in the South during the Reconstruction era. It provided food, housing, education, medical care, |
| 20. "10 Percent" Plan | President Lincoln's lenient plan for Reconstruction, which stated that a Confederate state could be readmitted to the Union once 10 percent of its voters swore an oath of allegiance to the United States and agreed to slavery's abolition. |
| 21. Wade-Davis Bill | A harsher Reconstruction bill passed by Congress in 1864 that Lincoln pocket-vetoed. It required a majority of voters in a Southern state to take an oath of loyalty and barred former Confederates from holding office. |
| 22. Black Codes | Laws passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866 after the Civil War to restrict the freedom and rights of newly freed African Americans. They aimed to maintain a labor force similar to slavery. |
| 23. Civil Rights Bill | In 1866, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act, which declared that all persons born in the United States were citizens and entitled to equal rights, regardless of race. It was a major step in defining the rights of African Americans. |
| 24. Fourteenth Amendment | Ratified in 1868, this amendment granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, including former slaves, and guaranteed equal protection of the laws and due process. |
| 25. Reconstruction Act | A series of acts passed by Congress in 1867 that divided the former Confederate states into military districts and outlined the requirements for their readmission to the Union, including ratifying the Fourteenth Amendment and granting voting rights to Bla |
| 26. Fifteenth Amendment | Ratified in 1870, this amendment prohibited the federal and state governments from denying citizens the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude. |
| 27. Redeemers | A coalition of white Southerners who sought to regain political power in the South after Reconstruction, often through intimidation and violence against Black voters and politicians. |
| 28. Scalawags | White Southerners who collaborated with Black and white Republicans during Reconstruction, often for personal gain or to implement reforms. |
| 29. Carpetbaggers | Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War, often perceived by Southerners as opportunists seeking to profit from Reconstruction. |
| 30. Ku Klux Klan | A white supremacist hate group that emerged in the South after the Civil War, using terror and violence to intimidate and oppress African Americans and their allies. |
| 31. Force Acts | A series of federal laws passed in the 1870s to protect Black voters in the South from intimidation and violence by groups like the Ku Klux Klan. |
| 32. Tenure of Office Act | A law passed in 1867 that prohibited the president from removing certain officeholders without the Senate's approval. It was used to impeach President Andrew Johnson. |
| 33. Seward's Folly | The nickname given to the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867 by U.S. Secretary of State William H. Seward. It was initially criticized as a waste of money but later proved to be a valuable acquisition. |
| 34. Andrew Johnson | The 17th U.S. President, who succeeded Lincoln. His lenient Reconstruction policies clashed with the Radical Republicans in Congress, leading to his impeachment. |
| 35. Thaddeus Stevens | A leading Radical Republican in the House of Representatives who advocated for a more stringent Reconstruction policy, including civil rights for freed slaves and the confiscation of land from wealthy Southerners. |
| 36. Edwin Stanton | Lincoln's Secretary of War, who played a key role in managing the Union war effort and later became a central figure in the conflict between President Johnson and Congress over Reconstruction. |
| 37. William Seward | U.S. Secretary of State under Lincoln and Johnson, known for orchestrating the purchase of Alaska and for his role in foreign policy during the Civil War. |
| 38. Compromise of 1877 | A political agreement that resolved the disputed 1876 presidential election. In exchange for Rutherford B. Hayes becoming president, federal troops were withdrawn from the South, effectively ending Reconstruction. |
| 39. Sharecropping | An agricultural system where landowners allowed tenants to farm their land in exchange for a share of the crops produced. It often trapped Black farmers in a cycle of debt and poverty. |
| 40. Civil Rights Act of 1875 | A law passed by Congress intended to protect the civil rights of African Americans, prohibiting discrimination in public accommodations and in jury selection. However, it was later declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. |
| 41. Jim Crow | Refers to the system of state and local laws enacted in the Southern United States from the late 19th to the mid-20th centuries that enforced racial segregation and discrimination. |
| 42. Plessy v. Ferguson | An 1896 Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine, which legitimized Jim Crow laws. |
| 43. Election of 1876 | A highly contested presidential election between Republican Rutherford B. Hayes and Democrat Samuel J. Tilden, marked by widespread accusations of fraud and voter suppression in several Southern states. |
| 44. Rutherford B. Hayes | The 19th U.S. President, whose victory in the disputed 1876 election led to the end of Reconstruction. |
| 45. Composition of Electoral Commission, 1877 | This refers to the special commission established to resolve the electoral disputes of the 1876 election. It was composed of members of the House of Representatives, the Senate, and the Supreme Court. |
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