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ANT Final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Shahada | Profession of faith: there is no god but allah and muhammad is his messenger; it's the foundation of Islam |
| 5 pillars of Islam | Shahasda, Salat, Zakat, Sawm, Hajj |
| Salat | 5 daily prayers, muslims face mecca creates discipline and unity before prayer you perform Wudu a spiritual washing |
| Zakat | charity, required to give the poor 2.5% of wealth |
| Sawm | ramadan fasting, encourages self control. and empathy and allows spiritual reflection |
| Hajj | Pilgrimage to mecca, required when fiscally and physically able, demonstrates unity among muslims world wide |
| Jihad | Greater and lesser(not a pillar) Greater is internal spiritual struggle, and becoming morally better Lesser: is external and defense of Islam |
| Mosque | Islamic place of worship |
| Mihrab | points towards mecca, indentation in the wall indicates correct position for prayer |
| Minbar | pulpit where imman gives sermons to the right of the Mihrab set of stairs that represents authority |
| Minaret | tower where call to prayer its made |
| Muezzin | calls muslims to prayer |
| Imman | leads prayer, religious guide generally local authority, Iman leads and the mufti advises |
| Mufti | islamic scholar who interprets Islamic law, and gives religious rulings |
| Qadi | Islamic judge, renders decisions based on sharia law appointed by governing authority |
| Hadith | recorded sayings/ actions of mohammed, helps explains islamic behavior used alongside the Quran |
| Sharia Law | Islamic religious laws based on the Qur'an, hadiths, and islamic scholarship covers rules of marriage, family, property, punishment and morality |
| British Mandate (1917-1932) | ottoman empire fell britain controlled Iraq, drew artificial borders, ignored Kurdish desire for homeland, created instability |
| Kurds | largest ethnic group with no home country lives across Iraq, Turkey, syria, and Iran the first Kurdish war was in 1961 where kurdish identity surpassed arab nationalism |
| Republic of Iraq 1958 | Iraq overthrows monarchy, becomes secular republic with military rule |
| Ba'athist party | arab nationalist party, Sunni controlled leadership |
| Saddam Hussein | sunni leader nearly 30 years, authoritarian invaded kuwait in 1990 US led gulf wars 2003 Us invasion of Iraq weapons Executed in 2006 |
| Qajar Dynasty | ruled until 1925, established capital in Tehran |
| Reza Khan/ Shah of Islam | took power in 1925 created the Pahlavi dynasty, secular nationalist reforms clothing and modernization creates huge wealth gap |
| Savak | Shah's secret police, people feared criticizing the government(60's) |
| Ayatollah Khoemieni | Shia religious leader exiled and sent to Iraq, messages spread by radio to students, promoted religious government and opposed western influence |
| Iranian revolution (1979) | Shah was removed, Iran becomes Islamic republic |
| Theocratic islamic republic | Government ruled according to islamic principles under religious leadership |
| Iran hostage crisis | 1979-81, american hostages held in Tehran, intensified hostility US allowed the Shah to seek medical treatment |
| Majlis | iranian parliament, weaker than guardian council |
| Quran, Sura 4 | discusses marriage, inheritance, family roles, and treatment of woman |
| pologmy | men can have up to 4 wives if he can provide for them economically equally |
| Bride wealth | payment from groom to brides family |
| divorce | man can divorce by saying it 3 times then waiting to make sure wife is not pregnant, wife needs permission from religious authority and if she initiates she can lose bride wealth |
| Hijab | covers hair and neck |
| Chador | full body cloak covers all possible adornments |
| Niquab | typically worn with chador covers the face and only eyes are visible |
| burqa | full covering including eyes common in Afghanistan/Pakistan |
| Purdah | practice of female seclusion from unrelated men to preserve family honor |
| Al-Jazirah | arabic term used for Arabian peninsula based in Qatar |
| Saud Family | royal family controlling Saudi Arabia, alliance with religious reformers created Saudi state |
| Wahhabism/Salafism | conservative interpretations of Islam, goals were to return to practices of muhammed, reject innovations, strict morality |
| Siege of grand Mosque 1979 | Extremist seized mecca's grand mosque, government responded with stricter religious policies more conservative islam promoted afterwards |
| Mahram | male guardian system, needed for woman to do activities |
| secret police | relgious police who enforce morality laws |
| Mohammed bin Salman (MbS0 | current Saudi prince, his reforms allowed woman to drivvem entertainment expanded some social liberation but still authoritarain politically |
| Constantinople (1453) | ottomans conquered the Byzantine empire and renamed it Istanbul, when the ottomans first established themselves |
| Suleyman the magnigicent | ruled the ottoman empire at its peak, military power, controlled trade and expansion, developed janissary system |
| Janissaries | elite ottoman soldiers who trained from a young age coming from christian families, They would be taken from their families and given money |
| harem | Place in the place for woman, including wives and concubines |
| Sufism | Focus on spiritual connection with god, mediations inner spirituality they would get crucified for their beliefs and mediate in caves |
| Wali | islamic saint/ holy figure, followers often formed brotherhoods |
| Hamid II (1917) | authoriarian rule and armenian massacres (genocides exiles them to Syria) |
| young Turks | nationalist reform movement wanted westernization, nationalism end of sultans absolute powers |
| Mustafa Kemal Ataturk | founder of Modern Turkey secular reforms: latin alphabet, western education, reduced religious power, parliamentary government. |
| Kurds and PPK | Kurdish militant organization fought Turkish government |
Created by:
alyhowe