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Anatomy Unit 18
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| male reproductive system (functions) | specialized to produce and maintain the male sex cells: sperm Transport these cells with fluid to the female reproductive system secrete male hormones |
| Testes | primary sex organs sperm cells + male sex hormones are found here contained in scrotum (sac-like pouch) |
| Structure of the testes | each testis is made up of many lobules - called seminiferous tubules - inside these, spermatogenesis is occurring = sperm production |
| Sperm production | Process called spermatogenesis testosterone secretion triggers this cells go through meiosis |
| Spermatogenesis = | sperm production |
| Structure of sperm cell | - flat head - nucleus + 23 chromosomes - mid piece - mitochondria (ATP) energy for tail - tail - propels sperm through fluid |
| Organs for sperm travel | epididymis - tihgly coiled, thread like tube - where sperm store/mature Vas deferens - muscular tube begins from epididymis and travels up - sperm travel down |
| Organs which secrete fluid | seminal vesicles - alkaline fluid - fructose Prostate Gland - milky alkaline fluid Bulbourethral Gland - thick mucuslike fluid |
| Semen | - fluid the urethra conveys to the outside during ejaculation |
| Semen consists of | - sperm cells - secretions from seminal vesicles - secretions from prostate gland |
| semen facts | - 300-400 million sperm cells released in semen - many sperm don't make it to egg - sperm cells survive 3 days in vagina |
| Scrotum | - sac-like pouch holds testes - smooth muscle - cold - muscle contract - hot - muscles relax |
| scrotum functions | - producing sperm - tests need to be 5 degrees below normal to produce sperm |
| Penis | - cylindrical organ: urine + semen - enlarges and stiffens = erection - erection = sex - 3 columns of erectile tissue |
| Glans penis | covers tip of penis, hairless, thin - sensory receptors for sexual stimulation |
| Male erection | During sexual stimulation, arteries in penis dilate: flood flow in penis increases - veins compressed to not let blood out |
| Male orgasm | culmination of sexual stimulation - pleasurable feeling psychological/physiological release |
| Male emission | - movement of sperm cells from testes to vas deferens - peristalsis - semen to urethra |
| Male ejaculation | muscles rhythmically contract + move semen (with sperm) out of urethra to outside |
| Male hormones | Testosterone - hypothalamus regulates - released as fetal - ceases in childhood - releases in puberty - continues throughout life |
| Actions of testosterone | - stimulates formation of male reproductive organs - stimulates teste enlargement - secondary sex characteristics |
| Male problems | erectile dysfunction (impotence) - inability for a male to get/keep an erection |
| Vasectomy | Type of birth control - cut vas deferens and tie cut ends - can/will still ejaculate |
| Female reproductive system (functions) | - specialized to produce and maintain female sex cells: egg (oocytes) - transport these cells to the site of fertilization - provide favorable environment for developing offspring - produce female sex hormones |
| Ovaries | - two ovaries in female which lie in shallow depressions - store eggs - egg and sperm are gametes |
| Development of eggs | - prenatal to puberty, female forms several million - meiosis - follicle develop release the egg from ovary - each egg has 23 chromosomes - quality over quantity |
| Amount of eggs | - 1 million eggs at birth. - 400,000 eggs at puberty. - 400-500 eggs will be released throughout a lifetime. |
| Oogenesis | - Process of egg cell formation. - Starts at puberty. - FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) is a hormone released to develop and mature the egg. - If egg is fertilized, egg becomes a zygote and then an embryo. |
| Ovulation | - Mature eggs are released from the ovary during this stage from the Graafian follicle - fluid filled sac containing mature egg. - Egg is propelled to the opening of Fallopian tube. - If not fertilized, degenerates. |
| Fallopian Tubes | - Extends from ovary to uterus. - Egg travels down this during ovulation. - Most common site of conception |
| fimbriae | - At the end of Fallopian Tubes. - Aid the transport of the egg down the uterine tube |
| Uterus | - Hollow, muscular organ between fallopian tube and vagina. - Receives embryo if egg gets fertilized and sustains its development. - The lower third (or neck, "funnel-like") is the cervix which is the opening from vagina to uterus. |
| Layers of the Uterus | Walls are thick, three layers: - Endometrium - inner layer - Myometrium - thick, middle layer - Perimetrium - outer layer During menstrual cycle and pregnancy, the endometrium and myometrium change a lot. |
| Vagina | - Fibromuscular tube that extends from uterus to outside of body. - Has secretions for intercourse. - Receives erect penis. - Provides channel for offspring during birth. - Opening surrounded by hymen (thin membrane) |
| Vulva | The structures that surround the openings of the urethra and vagina |
| Labia majora | Enclose and protect the reproductive organs. Corresponds to male scrotum. |
| Labia minora | Flattened longitudinal folds between the labia majora. On either side of opening of vagina. |
| Clitoris | Small projection at the anterior end of the vulva. Corresponds to the penis of the male. Rich in sensory nerve fibers |
| Vestibule | The opening leading into the vagina |
| Vestibular glands | On either side of vestibule |
| female erection | Erectile tissues located in clitoris and around vagina respond to sexual stimulation. |
| female lubrication | Vestibular glands secrete mucus which lubricates tissues for penis to enter. |
| Female orgasm | The walls of the uterus and fallopian tubes contract rhythmically to transport sperm to uterine tubes. |
| female sex hormones | - Female body matures at ten years old. - Estrogen released from ovaries. - Progesterone released from ovaries and corpus luteum (ruptured ovarian follicle). |
| functions of estrogen | - Enlargement of reproductive organs with age. - Secondary sex characteristics |
| female reproductive cycle | - Usually begins near 13 years old and continue until middle age. - Menarche = first female reproductive cycle. - Takes about 28 days from when egg is brought from ovary to uterus to degenerating and bleeding out - menstruation. |
| Menstrual cycle week 1 | - Hormone levels increase. - Thickening of uterine lining begins - proliferative phase. - Follicle (egg) matures |
| Menstrual cycle week 2 | - Ovulation - Highest levels of hormones LH and FSH |
| Menstrual cycle week 3 | - After ovulation - the luteal phase. - Highest levels of estrogen and progesterone. - If the egg was not fertilized, the egg becomes the corpus luteum. - The endometrium (inner lining of uterus) thickens becomes ready for embryo development. |
| Menstrual cycle week 4 | - If egg (corpus luteum) degenerates. - The endometrium disintegrates and sloughs off - menstruation. |
| Tubal ligation | - When a woman's tubes are tied. Form of birth control. - Women still do ovulate, just the road to the uterus is now blocked. - If you have your ovaries removed, then no menstruation |
| fertilization/conception | a sperm cell and egg cell uniting |
| Pregnancy | Presence of developing offspring in uterus - Takes about 40 weeks full term (3 trimesters) |
| Order of development for human child | Gametes - egg and sperm Zygote - conception between the egg and sperm Embryo - after egg implants itself in uterus Fetus - occurs after 8th week |
| Transport of sex cells | - During intercourse, the male deposits semen containing sperm in the vagina. - Union of the sperm and egg occurs in the fallopian tube. - Contractions of uterus (orgasm) help sperm get to egg. - Egg journey is less than an hour - Create zygote |
| Zygote | |
| Implantation | embryo nestling into uterine walls |
| Human chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) | - prevents spontaneous abortion - what pregnancy tests detect - stops menstruation |
| Fetal stage | - Embryo becomes fetus. - Eighth week of pregnancy, last until birth. - Growth is rapid (especially after 16-20 weeks), body portions change considerably. |
| Birth process | - Pregnancy terminates with the birthing process. - Hormones Prostaglandin and Oxytocin promote uterine contractions. - Contractions occur at the myometrium layer of uterus. - Muscular contractions force the fetus out through the birth canal |
Created by:
Shannonnev0822