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Last chem test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Front: What element is the "backbone" of all organic compounds? | Back: Carbon. |
| Front: Why can carbon form so many complex molecules? | Back: It has 4 valence electrons, allowing it to form 4 covalent bonds in chains, rings, and networks. |
| Front: Name 4 general properties of organic/molecular substances. | Back: 1. Low melting/boiling points. 2. Poor conductors of heat/electricity. 3. Generally nonpolar (dissolve in nonpolar solvents). 4. React slowly. |
| Front: Define a Hydrocarbon. | Back: A compound containing only carbon and hydrogen. |
| Front: What is a "Saturated" hydrocarbon? | Back: An Alkane. It contains only single bonds and the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. |
| Front: Define Alkenes and Alkynes (Saturated or Unsaturated?). | Back: They are Unsaturated. Alkenes have at least one double bond Alkynes have at least one triple bond |
| Front: Name the prefixes for carbon chain lengths 1 through 6. | Back: 1: meth-, 2: eth-, 3: prop-, 4: but-, 5: pent-, 6: hex-. |
| Front: Name the prefixes for carbon chain lengths 7 through 10. | Back: 7: hept-, 8: oct-, 9: non-, 10: dec-. |
| Alkanes general formula | C=n. H=(2n+2) |
| Alkenes general formula | C=n. H=(2n) |
| alkynes general formula | C=n. H=(2n-2) |
| Front: When naming Alkenes or Alkynes, what does the number in front (e.g., 2-pentene) indicate? | Back: The location of the double or triple bond (using the lowest possible number). |
| Front: What are Isomers? | Back: Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements (and different properties). |
| Front: What is the first step in naming a branched hydrocarbon? | Back: Find the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms (the parent chain). |
| Front: How do you name a one-carbon branch vs. a two-carbon branch? | Back: 1-carbon = methyl; 2-carbon = ethyl. |
| Front: What are Halides (Halocarbons)? | Back: Organic compounds where one or more hydrogens are replaced by a Halogen (F, Cl, Br, or I). |
| Front: How do you identify an Alcohol? | Back: Look for the -OH (hydroxyl) group. Names end in -ol. |
| Front: Primary vs. Secondary vs. Tertiary Alcohols. | Back: Based on how many carbons are attached to the carbon bonded to the -OH. (Primary = 1 C, Secondary = 2 C, Tertiary = 3 C). |
| Front: What is a Dihydroxy alcohol (diol)? | Back: An alcohol with two -OH groups (e.g., antifreeze). |
| Front: How do you identify an Ether? | Back: An oxygen atom is bridged between two carbon chains (R–O–R') |
| Front: What is the common name for Propanone? | Back: Acetone. |
| Front: What are the products of Complete Combustion of a hydrocarbon? | Back: CO2 and H2O. |
| Front: Difference between Substitution and Addition reactions? | Back: Substitution happens to Saturated alkanes (one H is swapped). Addition happens to Unsaturated alkenes/alkynes (the double/triple bond breaks to add atoms). |
| Front: What is Esterification? | Back: Organic Acid + Alcohol --------> Ester + Water. |
| Front: What is Fermentation? | Back: Sugar + yeast/enzyme----------> Ethanol + CO_2. |
| Front: What is Saponification? | Back: Fat + Strong Base --------> Soap + Glycerol. |
| Front: Define Polymerization. | Back: Small units (monomers) join together to form a long chain (polymer). |
| Front: Addition Polymerization vs. Condensation Polymerization. | Back: Addition: Joining unsaturated monomers. Condensation: Joining monomers by removing a water molecule. |
| Front: What is a Homologous Series? | Back: A group of compounds (like alkanes) that have the same general formula and where each member differs by a fixed unit (CH2). |
| Front: As the number of carbons in a homologous series increases, what happens to the boiling point? | Back: It increases due to increased mass and stronger intermolecular forces. |
| Front: True or False: Isomers must belong to the same functional group. | Back: False. Example: Ethanol (alcohol) and Dimethyl ether (ether) are isomers (C2H6O). |
| Front: What is the repeating unit of any homologous series? | Back: -CH2- |
| Front: Which organic reaction produces a "trihydroxy alcohol" as a by-product? | Back: Saponification (the by-product is glycerol). |
| Front: What is always lost during a Condensation reaction? | Back: A water molecule (H2O). |
| Front: How are amines classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary? | Back: By the number of carbon atoms directly attached to the nitrogen atom. |
| Front: Amines act as which type of chemical base? | Back: Brønsted-Lowry bases (they can accept a proton). |
| yeast/Zymase/Alcohol product | Fermentation |
| Acid + Alcohol | Esterification |
| The principal products of saponification a reaction between a fat and a base are soap and ________ | Glycerol |
| The reaction that joins thousands of small, identical molecules to form one very long molecule is called | polymerization |
| which reaction produces ethanol | Fermentation |
| Which reaction results in the production of soap? | saponification |
| What are the products of a fermentation reaction? | an alcohol and carbon dioxide |
| Which organic reaction produces rubber and plastics? | polymerization |
| Most hydrocarbons undergo oxidation in the presence of excess oxygen to form | carbon dioxide and water |
| Distinguishing between substitution and addition reactions. | Substitution: Atoms are replaced. Happens with saturated compounds (alkanes). Addition: Atoms are added to break a double or triple bond. Happens with unsaturated compounds (alkenes, alkynes). |
| as an addition reaction occurs, the number of electrons shared between carbon atoms _________ | Decreases |
| when methane reacts with a halogen the type of reaction is | Substitution |
| primary alcohols can be dehydrated to produce | ethers |
| which organic compounds are often used to create fragrances for the perfume industry | esters |
| When butane burns in an excess of oxygen, the principal products are | Co2 and H2O |
| what is the minimum number of carbon atoms a ketone must contain | 3 carbons |
| the reaction between an organic acid and an alcohol produces ___________ | an ester |
| Butanal and butanone have different chemical and physical properties primarily because of differences in their | functional groups |
| A common gaseous fuel that is often found with petroleum is | methane |
| when it asks what is the total nuber of electrons shares how do you know | each line is 2 |
| When hydrocarbons burn completely in an excess of oxygen, the products | Carbon dioxide and water |
| Which atoms can bond with each other to form chains, rings, or networks? | carbon atoms |
| Cellulose, protein, and starch are classified as | natural polymers |
| In which organic reaction is sugar converted to an alcohol and carbon dioxide? | fermentation |
| Cracking hydrocarbon molecules will result in | smaller molecules with lower boiling points |
| Petroleum is a complex mixture of | hydrocarbons |
| Which statement explains why the element carbon forms so many compounds? | Carbon readily forms covalent bonds with other carbon atoms. |
| The four single bonds of a carbon atom are directed in space toward the corners of a | regular tetrahedron |
| Organic. compounds differ from inorganic compounds in that organic compounds generally have | low melting points are non electrolytes |
| In general, which property do organic compounds share? | slow reaction rate |
| As the number of carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon molecule increases, the number of possible isomers generally | increases |
| If two compounds are isomers, they must have the same | percent composition |
| What is the maximum number of covalent bonds that can be formed by one carbon atom? | 4 |
Created by:
Fernando.Quezada