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human bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mouth cavity | mechanical digestion by teeth; AKA mastication,chemical digestion of starch by saliva. by moving upwards and backwards, the tongue pushes food into the pharynx for swallowing. |
| Pharynx (back of mouth cavity) | The throat; the pharynx joins the mouth cavity to the oesophagus and larynx |
| Salivary glands | three pairs of glands produce saliva, which dissolves food so it can be tasted. Saliva contains mucus that lubricates the mouth and food and holds food in a lump for swallowing. It also contains the enzyme salivary amylase, which begins starch digestion. |
| mechanical digestion | The mechanical breakdown of food into small particles |
| Oesophagus | carries food from the mouth to the stomach. It passes through the diaphragm into the abdominal cavity. |
| Liver | produces bile, which is stored and concentrated in the gall bladder. Bile emulsifies lipids in the small intestine. |
| Stomach | mechanical digestion by churning action; chemical digestion by pepsin, which begins protein digestion. In infants, rennin coagulates milk protein. |
| Gall bladder | stores bile and releases it into the small intestine, where the bile emulsifies lipids. |
| Pyloric sphincter | band of circular muscle that regulates flow of material from stomach to duodenum. |
| Duodenum | first part of small intestine. |
| Pancreas | produces pancreatic juice containing enzymes for digesting proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. |
| Caecum | first part of large intestine. |
| Small intestine | about 6m long. Its lining secretes intestinal juice, which contains many enzymes. The internal surface is lined with villi for absorption of digested food. |
| Appendix | plays a role in immunity and stores useful bacteria. |
| Rectum | final part of large intestine in which faeces are formed. |
| Anus | opening surrounded by the anal sphincter, a muscle that can be voluntarily controlled. |
| Chemical digestion | The breakdown of food to small molecules by chemicals |
| Sucrase | (Substrate) Sucrose (Glucose + Fructose) |
| Lactase | Lactose (Glucose + Galactose |
| Maltase | Maltose(Glucose + Glucose |
| Amylase | Starch(Maltose + Dextrins |
| Mucosa | A mucous membrane; in particular, the mucous membrane that forms the internal lining of the alimentary canal |
| Chyme | Chyme The semiuid mass of partially digested food that leaves the stomach |
| Alimentary canal | The tube via which food passes through the body, consisting of the mouth, oesophagus, stomach and intestines; also called the digestive tract |
| Bile | A secretion of the liver, stored in the gall bladder and released into the small intestine |
| Circular muscle | Smooth muscle with fibres arranged in a circle around an organ, such as the stomach |
| Coeliac disease | An autoimmune diseasedue to the immune system reacting to gluten |
| Colorectal cancer | Cancer in the colon and rectum; also called bowel cancer |
| Constipation | A condition in which defecation is difcult, with faeces being hard and dry |
| Deoxyribonuclease | An enzyme in pancreatic juice that digests DNA |
| Diarrhoea | The frequent passing of watery faeces |
| Digestion | The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food to small molecules that can be absorbed into the body |
| Digestive system | The system that breaks down the food taken into the body ready for absorption into the cells |
| Elimination | Removal of indigestible material, bacteria and bile pigments from the body |
| Emulsify | To mix two liquids that would not normally mix |
| Faeces | semi solid after water absorption and bacterial action makes up the faeces. (Water, undigested food material (cellulos), bacteria, bile pigments, and remains of cells that have broken away from the internal lining of the alimentary canal. Then eliminated |
| Gastric gland | The secretory unit of the stomach located in gastric pits; produces gastric juice |
| Gastric juice | The digestive juice secreted by the glands of the stomach |
| Intestinal juice | The digestive juice secreted by the glands of the small intestine |
| Lacteal | A lymph capillary in the small intestine; it absorbs fat from digested food |
| Microvilli | Microscopic projections from the membranes of cells lining the small intestine; they increase the surface area for absorption; singular: microvillus |
| Pancreatic amylase | An enzyme in pancreatic juice that breaks down starch |
| Pancreatic juice | The liquid secreted by the pancreas Enters the duodenum via the bile duct. Helps neutralize the acid that comes from the stomach. Has many enzymes; pancreatic amylase, trypsin, pancreatic lipases, ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease. |
| Peristalsis | Waves of muscular contractionthat push food along the alimentary canal |
| Segmentation | A process occurring in the small intestine which uses the contraction |
| Saliva | a fluid released via the salivary glands in the mouth, has an enzyme (salivary amylase) which begins the process of chemical digestion of starch and coats the ingested in mucus |
| Ribonuclease | An enzyme in pancreatic juice that digests RNA |
| Trypsin | Pancreatic protease which splits protien into peptides |
| Villi— | Projections from the internal lining Singular villus |
| Pancreatic lipases | enzymes that break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol |
| Intestinal juice | contains enzymes to complete the digestion of carbohydrates, protiens, and lipids. Including; peptidase, sucrase, lactase, maltose, lipases |
| Peptidase | breaks down peptides into amino acids |
| Large intenstine | named because its diameter is larger than the smaller intestine. made up or colon, rectume, caecum, and anus, with appendix attached to caecum. |
| Bacteria in the large intestine | Bacteria in the large intestine break down much of the remaining organic compounds. Some bacteria produce vitamins, which are reabsorbed through walls into the blood. Mineral nutrients are also absorbed. |
| Parts if a nephron | renal corpuscle (afferent atriole, efferent atriole, glomerulus, glomerulus capsule), proximal consulates tubule, loop of henle, distal convulated tubule |
| Filtration | blood enters through wide lumen afferent arteriole into the glomerulus and to narrow lumen efferent arteriole, high hydrostatic pressure. This forces water and other dissolved blood components to go through differentials permeable membrane into capsule. |
| Selective reasbsorption | Occurs in the proximal convulated tubule, from tubule to blood, no hormone regulation, uncontrolled, membranes are selectively permeable allowing substances to move out of different places. ACTIVE process, movement of glucose, water, salt, and amino acid |
| Tubular secretion | Materials into the tubule, can b active or passive. Of materials such as ions, drugs and creatanine |
| Nephron function | waste ecretion, pH balance, blood pressure regulation. |
| acultative reabsorption | movement from tubule to blood, controlled by hormones, movement o water. |
| Kidney stones | formed when crystals are built up due to high concentration of urine, and lack of fluids in diet. Small crystals may pass. crystals combine to form stones, which getstuck causing intense again. Can be passed with pain killers, fluid aid, muscle relactants |
| Specific affect of kindey failure | Affects glomerulus, reducing ability to filter blood. Protien and red blood cells leave blood at glomerulus and will be in the urine. If too many protiens are lost in the urine, blood protiens levels fall and fluid accumulates in tissue causing swelling |
| Healthy kidneyss | Regulation of diet to maintain healthy weight. Overweight> development of diabetes or high blood pressure which is a risk of kidney disease No smoking Drink water, nosugary drink Alchohol moderation No perfmoance enhancing drugs (upsets water balance) |
| Dialysis | Methodto remove waste from kidney once kidney failure has occurred. 2 types peritoneal dialysis, haemodialysis |
| peritoneal dialysis | waste is across peritoneum. a catheter is placed through wall of abdominal cavity with 2-3L of fluid with glucose, and other substances similar to those found in the blood. No waste, so the concentration allows substances to stay in blood. Done each day |
| haemodialysis | Blood passes through dialysis machine or artificial kidney. thousands of fine tubes made of a differentially permeable membrane and in a bath of fluid. Concentration differ> blood waste> fluid. 4-5 hours once, 3 times a week. |
| Liver disease | Liver function is not effective in processing toxins ready for elimination. Causes; infections, autoimmune problems, genetic disorders, cancer and alchoholism and fatty diet.symptoms; jaundice, abdominal pain, swelling in legs and feet, nausea, vomiting, |
Created by:
Im_Not_Stingy