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20. Medicinal Plants

QuestionAnswer
Cell Division Importance Essential for growth, repair, and reproduction; billions of cell divisions occur constantly in living organisms.
Cell Division Errors (Cancer) Cancer occurs when cell division becomes uncontrolled, leading to abnormal growth and potentially death.
Cell Growth Includes cell enlargement and specialization, not just division.
Cell Division Process where one cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
Cell Differentiation Process in which cells become specialized for specific functions.
Meristems Regions in plants where active cell division occurs.
Mitosis Division of the nucleus that ensures each daughter cell receives identical genetic material.
Purpose of Mitosis Maintains chromosome number and genetic stability in organisms.
Diploid Cells (2n) Cells containing two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent).
Prophase Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane disappears, spindle fibers form.
Metaphase Chromosomes align at the cell's equator and attach to spindle fibers.
Anaphase Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
Telophase Nuclear membranes reform and chromosomes unwind into chromatin.
Cytokinesis Division of the cytoplasm that forms two separate daughter cells.
Cell Plate (Plants) Structure that forms in plant cells during cytokinesis and becomes the new cell wall.
Phragmoplast Structure made of vesicles and microtubules that helps form the cell plate.
Animal Cell Cytokinesis Occurs by cleavage (cell membrane pinching inward).
Cell Cycle Series of stages a cell goes through to grow and divide.
M Phase Cell division phase (mitosis and cytokinesis).
Interphase Growth and preparation phase before division.
G1 Phase Cell grows, organelles increase, and proteins are produced.
S Phase DNA is replicated, forming sister chromatids.
G2 Phase Final growth and preparation for mitosis.
Interphase Importance Cells spend about 90% of their time in interphase.
Chromosomes Structures made of DNA and proteins that carry genetic information.
Genes Units of heredity that code for proteins or RNA.
Chromatin DNA and proteins in an uncondensed state.
Sister Chromatids Identical copies of a chromosome joined at the centromere.
Centromere Region where sister chromatids are attached.
Haploid (n) Single set of chromosomes.
Diploid (2n) Two sets of chromosomes.
Humans Chromosomes 23 pairs (46 total chromosomes).
Homologous Chromosomes Pairs of chromosomes with the same size and shape that carry genes for the same traits.
Madagascar Periwinkle A plant used in cancer treatment; produces alkaloids used as chemotherapy drugs.
Vincristine and Vinblastine Alkaloid drugs from Madagascar periwinkle that treat childhood leukemia by disrupting mitosis.
Mechanism of Madagascar Periwinkle Drugs Interfere with microtubules and spindle formation, preventing cell division (mitosis).
Pacific Yew A slow-growing conifer tree native to temperate forests of the Northwest United States.
Taxol (Paclitaxel) A cancer-fighting compound derived from Pacific yew bark that treats ovarian and breast cancer.
How Taxol Works Prevents microtubule breakdown, stopping cells from completing mitosis and halting cancer cell division.
Taxol Production Solution Taxol can now be synthesized in laboratories, reducing the need for tree harvesting.
Plant-Based Medicines Over 25% of modern medicines are derived from plants.
Deforestation Impact on Medicinal Plants Over 70% of U.S. forests have been logged since the 1920s, threatening biodiversity and drug discovery.
Camptotheca acuminata (Happy Tree) A tree from southern China containing camptothecin, used in colon and rectal cancer treatments.
Camptothecin An alkaloid compound with anticancer properties.
Chinese Skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis) A traditional Chinese medicinal plant with compounds that may kill cancer cells while sparing healthy cells.
Mandrake A plant historically used as an anesthetic; roots resemble human figures and were linked to the 'Doctrine of Signatures.'
Belladonna A plant once used cosmetically to dilate pupils; now used in medicine to affect the nervous system and circulation.
Created by: user-2033868
 

 



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