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Sustainability exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| hot spot analysis | identifies the part of a system or life cycle that contributes the most impact, so you know where improvements should be made |
| rebates | lowers lost for LCCA, lower up front cost (more net savings) NPV, less initial payback faster returns = simple payback |
| residual | LCCA (subtracted at final year), NPV given money at the end of year, simple payback = no effect |
| LCA Sections | Goal and Scope, LC inventory, LC impact assessment, conclusion/ interpretation |
| Goal and Scope | reason for doing the study, what is included in the study, whether results will be used in comparative, functional unit |
| LC inventory | involves collecting data on in puts and outputs --> complies and qualifies all materials, energy =, and emission flows through out a products life cycle |
| LC impact assessment | assesses the environmental impacts of a product over its entire life cycle |
| conclusion/ interpretation of results | consider data quality, make sure the functional unit is same as life cycle, approaches: best judgement, evaluate, improve: weighing and compare |
| 20% rule of thumb | is used to avoid overinterpreting small differences in results, as differences less than 20% are often not meaningful. |
| 20% equations | |A-B|/(A+B)/2 x 100 |
| Qualitive screening LCA | Evaluates environmental impacts using categories, trends, and general patterns rather than data |
| ISO standards | Uses detailed numerical data and calculations to measure environmental impacts precisely. |
| assessing Life cycle impacts (LCI) data quality and effects | refers to how accurate, recent and relevant the data is -->inputs and outputs, check for error, gaps in data, recency, credibility, quality |
| weighing | process of converting indicator results from different impact categories into a single score using numerical factors based on value choices which are not scientifically based |
| pros of weighing | produces one number and simplifies complex results |
| cons of weighing | subjective, controversial and bias |
| energy equation | E=power*time |
| percent difference | new value - old value / old value x100 |
| life cycle cost analysis equation | (residual value and other benefits)-cost / (1+discount rate)^year |
| 5 stages of LCA | material extraction, manufacturing, distribution, usage, end of life |
| material extraction | raw materials from earth (mining drilling, harvesting) |
| manufacturing | raw materials processed and assembled |
| distribution | transportation site to market |
| usage | product in use / consumption energy |
| end of life | disposed of, recycled, reused |
| future value | value of money at specific time in future: worth less today |
| present value | value of money in the present |
| present value equation | year 0 cash flow+ year 1 cashflow/(1+discount rate)^1+ etc... |
| payback equation | initial investment/ annual cash inflows (savings or profit) |
| simple payback | time period required to recover initial investment discount rate 5% |
| base case LCCA | convential technology, do nothing scenerio, current system, (normal light bulb) |
| alternative case LCCA | sustainable alternative technologies (more cost effective, new system), (new sustainable light) |
| NPV tells us | Net present value: summation of present value of each cash flow occurring at different periods of time, initial |
| project accept NPV | NPV>0 |
| indifferent NPV | NPV=0 |
| project reject | NPV<0 |
| what LCCA tells us | most cost effective option |
| types of costs LCCA | initial cost, purchase, design, fuel costs, operation, maintence, replacement costs, resale, disposal costs, finance charges |
| Impact categories | acidification, ozone depletion, abiotic depletion, water eufrophication, global warming potential, ecotoxicity effect, smog |
| acidification | acid rain, caused by the release of acidic gases, primarily from burning fossil fuels. ocean acidification that is a result of climate change |
| ozone depletion | stratospheric ozone depletion caused by CFCs. makes ozone holes that increase UV radiation on earth |
| abiotic depletion | resources do not regenerate on human time scales |
| water eufrophication | the addition of excess nutrients in water leading to reduction of avalible oxygen in fresh and salt water. removes oxygen from water killing fish and aquatric org. |
| global warming potential | the addition of gases to the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels |
| ecotoxicity | effect of toxic substances on plants, animals and other natural environments |
| smog (POCP) | emissions of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCS) in the air |
| functional unit | a measure of the function of studied system |
| Impact categories vs LCA | impact categories are the environmental effects and impacts such as climate change and smog. LCA is the raw numbers with inputs and outputs |
| NPV differ from PV | NPV calculates PV of future cash flow and subtracts initial cost. PV is money we get in the future worth today |
| longer cashflows | less values and less made |
| discount rate | rate of return that investors expect/ cost of borrowing money lower= better discounts show future money in todays money |
| LCA's are used | product development, produce comparison, risk assessment, policy making, marketing |
| LCA's are not | exact science and not define answers |
| payback vs NPV | payback ignores time value. NPV includes discounting and is more accurate |
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