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reconstruction
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| why was 1865 a rough year | The war divided the nation, and this polarization did not help, the president also was assassinated |
| Who was the new president in 1865 because of Lincolns death | President Andrew Johnson |
| Who was Andrew Johnson before he was vice president | He was a congressman from Tennessee, and a democrat. During the civil war he was a military governor for Tennessee |
| What is a military governer | They reestablished governments in conquered southern states |
| Why was Andrew Johnson elected to be vice for 1864 | His hatred for wealthy southern planters made him stay loyal to the union even after his state, Tennessee seceded |
| Why were Republicans offended by Johnson | He was deeply prejudice and did not support equal rights for African Americans |
| What is presidential reconstruction | When the president wants to personally see to reconstructions |
| What did Johnson require confederate states to do if they wanted to rejoin the union | ratify the 13th Amendment |
| Wjay was contradictory about Johnsons view about treason | He stated it was a heavily punishable crime, yet he easily pardoned confederates who took an oath to the union |
| What do Pardons do | They restore one's civil rights and protected their property from being seized |
| Who were the only people who had to apply for presidential Pardons | High ranking Confederates and Wealthy Plantation owners |
| What did Congress dislike about Johnson's reconstruction plan | It was way too lenient |
| Why were Republicans dissatisfied with the reconstruction plan | It did not provide African Americans with rights to vote or to own property |
| What were African Americans Afraid of because of the lack of rights provided by the reconstruction plan | White southern would take away their new rights and economic opportunities |
| What did Republican concerns lead to | The freedmen's Burau |
| What did the Freedmen's Burau include | A burau of refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned lands |
| Who was picked by congress to oversee the Freedmen's Burau | General Oliver Otis Howard |
| What did army officers acting as Burau Argents do | They provided food, medicine, and clothing to ones displaced by the war; settling former slaves into abandoned land from the war by drawing up labor contracts between African Americans and landowners. They created courts to settle disputes btw a & w |
| What was the result of Howard viewing education has opening opportunities for African American living conditions | he worked with Northern aid groups to establish schools for the newly feed and established 3,000 schools with more than 150,000 students |
| How did Southern states resist anti slavery movements | They refused to ratify the 13th Amendment and they made laws called "black codes" to control African Americans and limiting their rights. |
| What did "black codes" grant African Americans in southern states | it gave them rights like marriage and pursuing a lawsuit |
| What did "black codes" limit African Americans in southern states | it mainly limited their rights stating they could not own land, serve on a jury, and work in certain industries |
| How did congress respond to "black codes" and Johnson's leniency | They were infuriated and republicans proposed a bill called "Civil Rights Act of 1866" |
| What did the Civil Rights act of 1866 do? | It granted full equality and citizenship for every race |
| What was Andrew's response to the Act of 1866 | He vetoed the bill but Republicans overrode it |
| What was the 14th Amendment | to guarantee citizenship and equal protection under the law to all American born people |
| What was the purpose of the 14th Amendment | to solidify rights in the Civil Rights act of 1866 |
| Why did it take two years for two thirds of the states to pass the 14th Amendment | President Johnson was urging southern states not to ratify it |
| What did Republicans do as a response the southern delegates refusing the accept the 14th amendment | When they took control of the congress, they also took control of reconstruction and passed the Reconstruction Act of 1867 |
| What was the Republican's plan of reconstruction known as | Radical Reconstruction |
| What did Republican Reconstruction acts do to all the former confederate states | all besides Tennessee, was placed under five districts of military rule |
| Why wasn't Tennessee included in radical reconstruction acts despite being a confederate state | they officially joined back the union |
| Under Radical Reconstruction, what needed to happen before they could draft up state constitutions | When the military leaders from their districts believe that order had been reestablished |
| What requirements was there for southern Constitutions | the fourteenth Amendment, and the majority of their citizens as well as congress needed to approve |
| Who was given the task to right new state constituions | republican delegates, many who were white southerners opposed to succession |
| Why did the south call southern white republicans scalawags | they hated radical reconstruction |
| Who were carpet baggers | People who threw everything in a suitcase and headed south to become rich |
| What did southern stereotype north republicans to do | be carpet baggers |
| What were republican delegates from the north really like | they were mostly veterans, preachers, teachers, and social workers, other delegates were African American who were minister and teachers |
| Why did congress pass the Tenure of Office | To prevent Johnson from interfering with Radical Reconstruction |
| What did the Tenure of Office do | It prevented the president from removing government officials without the senates approval |
| Why was the Tenure of Office unconstitutional | it ignored the constitutional provision that the president had the right to hire and fire cabinet members |
| What did Johnson do in relation to the Tenure of Office in 1867 | he defied it in October and replaced his secretary of war |
| Who did Johnson replace his secretary of war with and why | Edwin M. Stanton with civil war hero Ulysses S. Grant, since Stanton was only in his cabinet to support Radical Reconstruction |
| What was the basis for Congress's impeachment with Johnson | He defied the Tenure of Office and "high crimes and misdemeanors" or "extreme misconduct in office". |
| What was the outcome of Congress's attempt of impeachment for Johnson | The senate ruled him of not guilty |
| In the southern political cartoon, who is being depicted as a carpet bagger | Carls Schurz, a person who moved from Wisconsin to Missouri, being elected as us senator in 1868 |
| What caused Northern African Americans to be able to exercise their new political power, and organize as republicans to move south and filling new government positions | The radical reconstruction acts |
| What caused Southern African Americans to seek leadership roles | The radical reconstruction acts |
| Who were the backbone of republicans in southern populations with a large African American Population | African Americans |
| Who wanted to be apart with states readmission to the union | African Americans |
| What caused Republican Delegates to become dominant in states constitutional conventions besides Georgia | African American Leaders encouraging newly freed men to vote |
| In the south, how many out of more than 1,000, were African American delegates | 265 |
| Between 1865-1877, what were the political impact of African Americans | They influenced southern politics, elected 22 congress men, about 600 African Americans participated in state legislature, served as Lieutenant governors, secretaries of states, judges, and treasurers |
| What did Republican dominate Legislatures establish | The first publicly financed school system in the south and debt relief in the poor and expanded women's rights |
| Where any African Americans elected governor back them | no |
| Who was Pinckney Pinchback | Lieutenant governor of Louisiana, and became the acting governor when states charged his boss with corruption |
| When did African Americans become leaders at a national level | When Hiram Rhodes Revels and Blanche K. Bruce served in the U.S senate. |
| Wo was Hiram Rhodes Revels | He was a African American who was born free, and he filled the empty senate seat after Mississippi seceded. he was the first African American to be part of the Senate |
| Who was Blanche K. Bruce | He was born enslaved and he represented Mississippi in the senate. He was the first African American to be elected for a full term in the Senate. |
| How many African Americans were asked to be part of the House of representatives during the reconstruction era | 14 |
| How was Hiram Rhodes Revels originally known in the African American community | He worked as a minister in the African Methodist Episcopal Church. |
| What is one center of African American life | Churches |
| Which African Americans usually become natural leaders | Ministers of churches for they were usually the most educated in the community |
| What were one of the first things African Americans did after the civil war started | Create their own church |
| What was the result of the Baptism allowing each congregation to start a church independently and organize services the way it wanted | It became the dominate denomination church started by African Americans after the civil war |
| By 1890, 1.3 million African Americans were part of which church | Baptist |
| What were social Justice | fair distribution of opportunities and privileges including racial equality and rights |
| What was central to African American's quest for social justices | Churches |
| What did churches serve as besides a place of worship for African American | Gathering pace for social and political events and housed schools |
| What organization helped freed African Americans relocate their families that's been split up during slavery | Freeman's Burau, but they could only reunite a minority |
| Which families could the Freeman's Burau relocate | Usually, ones where family members were transferred to a nearby plantations |
| Who were the first African Americans to serve in congress | Hiram Rhodes Revels, who took the seat from Jefferson Davis; Benjamen S. Turner who represented Alabama, Robert C. de Large of South Carolina; Josiah T. Walls of Florida. Jefferson F. Long of Georgia. Josep Rainiey and Robert B Eliot of South Carolina. |
| Where was the Arlington National Cemetery established in 1864 is | Land that had belonged to Robert E. Lee, which had become a museum |
| What is Literacy | The ability to read and write |
| What two fundamentals gave African Americans the ability to understand labor contracts | Literacy and solid workings of math |
| What is a wage economy | an economy in which people are paid for their work |
| How did the opportunity of good education benefit African Americans | They could fully participate in political process and understand their civil rights |
| Where were schools for African Americans | Usually either on African American land or housed in churches |
| African American schools were usually free, so why was sending their children to schools a sacrifice for African American Parents | Their families counted on labor or income their older children provided |
| What was the impact of African American schools being understaffed with teachers | Groups of students had to rotate in 3-hour periods and teachers would teach kids all day and adults all nights, some schools had children work along side adults |
| How many students attended African American schools when Freedmen's Burau closed | 150,000 |
| What was seen as the only advancement for many African Americans | education |
| What did un-educated African Americans do | Work on farmland for white landowners, but faced discrimination |
| What made African Americans want their own farm land | They faced discrimination and the southern economy was collapsing |
| What did General William T. Sherman do in January 1865 | issued a special field order to no. 15 which set aside sea island for African Americans could farm in south of Charlestown in south Carolina, affecting 40,000 African Americans |
| What did president Andrew Johnson do regarding the sea islands | He returned the land to southerners who had it before the civil war |
| What did white land owners want African American workers to do | Work in Gangs like they did in slavery |
| What was sharecropping | Farmers raising crops for landowners and gaining part of the profit |
| How would sharecropping result in debt for African Americans and "black peonage' | White landowners would often tools and seeds at an increased interest rate to African Americans |
| What was black peonage | a sort of economic slavery |
| What did black peonage in the south lead to | Many African Americans heading North or South |
| What did a white mob do in 1866 | They attacked unharmed African American men, women, and children, and rioted Memphis, Tennessee, Louisianna, and New Orleans |
| What did mobs, including police do in Memphis | Arson, burning down homes, schools, and churches in African American communities |
| What was founded in 1866 | Ku Klux Klan (KKK) |
| Where was the (KKK) formed | Tennessee |
| What was the Ku Klux Klan originally intended to be | A social club |
| When did the Ku Klux Klan start it's shift into terrorism | In 1867, when African Americans gained voting rights under reconstruction acts and began holding office |
| Who was put in charge of the KKK after 1867 | Former Confederate officer, Nathan Bedford Forest |
| What did Nathan Bedford forest dedicate himself towards | Maintaining the social political power of whites |
| Who did the Ku Klux Klan target to terrorize and kill | Mainly African Americans, but also anyone associated with republicans or supported African American rights |
| What did the Ku Klux Klan do in order to torture and kill their victims | wiping, tar-and-feathering, lynched |
| What does Lynched mean | hang |
| Who became the face of racial discrimination | The Klan (KKK) |
| What boosted the KKK to spreading quickly across the SOuth and beyond | Popular sentiment and federal acceptance |
| What was the Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871 responding towards | Southern resistance to the radical reconstruction like the KKK |
| What did the Enforcement act of 1870 and 1871 do | It was illegal to use violence or threats to interfere with a citizen's right to vote and the federal government could now supervise congressional elections, and it gave the president power to enforce the act |
| What did the federal government do in 1871 | Armed with the enforcement acts, they took legal action against the KKK, state after state, they charged KKK leaders |
| What was the impact of the enforcement acts in 1871 | They became less visible |
| What was the political impact of the KKK | They damaged the republican party but preventing African Americans from voting. As a result, the Democrats regained the south and the number of African American Office holders fell dramatically |
| What were the times where the KKK resurfaced even after the government took legal action | 1920s, when they were fueled with immigrants who accused of them from taking the jobs away from real Americans; 1950s-60s during the civil rights movement (They murdered volenteers) |
| Who did The republicans nominate for the 1868 elections and why | Ulysses S. Grant, a hero in the civil war, because they thought we would be able to please both parties |
| What was the Theme for Grant's campaign in the 1868 elections | Let us have peace |
| What was the result of white voters becoming less willing to help African Americans | they won't expand on African American Rights any further, nor reconstruction |
| who did the democrats choose for their candidate for the 1868 election | Horatio Seymour, governor of New York |
| Who was Horatio Seymour apart of according to the republicans | Copper heads |
| Who were copper heads | Named after a poisonous snake, Durning the war, they were democrats who opposed Emancipation and the draft. Their called copper heads because the confederates believed they sympathized with the confederates |
| What did Seymour and Copperheads rely on to attract voters | Fear and racism. They claimed republicans are too aggressive in reconstruction and placed too much importance of African american rights |
| Who did Seymour appeal to in the 1868 election | midwestern farmers who felt republicans did not understand their way of life, and urban whites who believed that free African Americans would move north to take their jobs. |
| Who won the 1868 election | Ulysses S. Grant |
| Why did Ulysses S. Grant win the election | 500,000 African Americans voted for Grant, making him receive 53 percent of the ballots |
| What did Ulysses S. Grant promise to do in his inaugural speech | to carry out laws that congress passed, unlike Johnson |
| When did republicans push for the 15th Amendment | After they won the 1868 election |
| What did the 15th Amendment 1870 enforce | Federal and state governments could not restrict the right to vote because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude (slavery) |
| What completed the political reforms sought from reconstruction | 15th Amendment |
| Who was Grant's running mate in the 1868 | Schuyler Colfax, a prominent radical republican |
| What did the republican party use a propaganda | features ferrotypes, or photos printed on tin |
| Why did the 15th Amendment barely impact Northern African Americans | It was intended to limit Southern States from preventing African Americans from participating in political processes |
| What are pole taxes | A fee charged when people register to vote |
| What did the Amnesty Act of 1872 do | removed the restrictions on voting for those who had previously belonged to the confederacy |
| What did most people want from their political leaders in the 1870s | To pay more attention to problems closer to home including a severe economic depression instead of equality and rights. |
| How was President Ulysses S. Grant a bad administrator | HE relied on Congress to make decisions he should've made and he was unable to keep his party from splintering into different factions, each promoting a different political standpoint |
| Who were the Liberal republicans or Liberals in 1870s | ones who believed the government became too powerful/large and wished to end reconstruction. They favored free trade. |
| What did Liberal republicans do in the lead up to the 1872 election | defected from the republican party and formed an Alliance with democrats |
| Who was the democratic candidate for 1872 | Horace Greeley, a newspaper editor from new York City |
| What was Horace Greeley's main goal in the campaigned | to end reconstruction |
| How did Grant get reelected in the 1872 election | Horace Greeley's goal was too weak |
| What plagued Grant's second term | Scandals involving bribery, for political favors; financial wrong doings among legislators and cabinet members |
| What caused secretary of war William Belknap to resign | Congress investigated him for Corruption and accused him of accepting cash gifts from army suppliers |
| What triggered the Panic of 1873 | bank and railroad failures |
| What happened in the Panic of 1873 | People lost their money when banks closed and lost their jobs when business collapsed, which caused the country to slip into a six year depression |
| What overshadowed the nation's interest in reconstruction | economic issues |
| What supreme court trial rule that civil rights amendments only allow federal government to prevent states from abusing African American civil rights, and the states could choose their punishment | U.S. v. Cruikshank |
| Which supreme court case rule that the 15th Amendment only made it illegal to deny a person the right to vote based on race, and states could use other criteria such as literacy tests to exclude voters | U.S. v. Reese |
| What are Literacy tests | tests of one's ability to read and write |
| When did democrats regain control of several southern states and the U.S. house of representatives | by the 1876 presidential election |
| Who was the democratic candidate for the 1876 election | Samuel J. Tilden |
| Who was the republican candidate for the 1876 election | Rutherford B. hayes |
| What was special about the 1876 election | The race was extremely chosen, several states were disputed (disqualified to vote) |
| What did congress to create to decide the election | Electoral commission |
| What was the compromise of 1877 | During the electoral commission, democrats and republicans got together to strike a deal. Democrats agreed to award the victory to Hayes if republicans agreed to end reconstruction and pull federal troops out of the south |
| Which states were distributed | Florida, South Carolina, Louisiana, origan due to voter fraud |
Created by:
Voxisthebest