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protein synthesis
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What are differences between RNA and DNA | 1. DNA: double stranded RNA: Single stranded 2. DNA: Deoxyribose sugar RNA: ribose sugar 3. DNA: A=T, G=C RNA: A=U G=C |
| Where is DNA found in the cell? | nucleus |
| Where is RNA found in the cell? | Ribosomes, cytoplasm, nucleus |
| Three types of RNA and what they do | mRNA: carries messages from DNA in nucleus to ribosomes in cytoplasm tRNA: transfers amino acids from the cytoplasmic pool of amino acids to the ribosomes rRNA: binds mRNA and tRNA ribosome |
| what are steps 1-4 of transcription | 1. DNA polymerase binds to promoter 2. DNA polymerase separates DNA strands 3. DNA strand is used as a template 4. New nucleotides are inserted according to base pairing rules (when transcribing RNA adenine pairs with uracil |
| what are steps 5-8 of transcription | 5. That continues until terminator is reached 6. as RNA polymerase moves along DNA molecule, hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA are reformed 7. a single stranded RNA strand has been formed 8. Copies a single gene and the mRNA transcript is sent to |
| helicase | separates DNA strands in DNA replication |
| DNA polymerase | adds new DNA nucleotides |
| RNA polymerase | makes RNA, separates DNA strand (in transcription), reforms H bonds |
| where does transcription take place? | nucleus |
| where does translation take place | in ribosomes in the cytoplasm |
| what is the product of transcription | mRNA |
| what is the product for the following process | protein |
| What is the role of a codon in a DNA molecule | 3 nucleotides/ nitrogen bases that code for specific amino acids |
| what is the role of a promoter in a DNA molecule | DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription |
| what is the role of a termination codon in a DNA molecule | DNA sequence that signals the end of transcription |
| start codon found on RNA | AUG |
| what are the three stop codons on RNA | UGA, UAA, UAG |
| what is purine | double-ringed nitrogen base |
| what is pyrimidine | single stranded nitrogen base |
| what is deoxyribose | 5-carbon sugar that lacks a single oxygen atom (found in DNA) |
| what is ribose | 5-carbon sugar that has the oxygen atoms (found in RNA) |
| three things genes must be able to do | 1. mutate 2. hold information 3. replicate accurately |
| people that came up with the model of DNA and described the molecules as a double helix | James Watson and Francis Crick |
| what do nucleotides consist of | phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar called deoxyribose, and a nitrogen base. |
| DNA molecules are made up of what? | small units called nucleotides |
| what are the four nitrogen bases found in DNA | Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine |
| what is the backbone of a DNA chain | alternating sugar and phosphate groups |
| Who discovered that A=T and G=C | Erwin Chargaff (Chargaff's rule) A=T (2 H bonds) A=G (3 H bonds) |
| who discovered that DNA had two strands and the nitrogen bases were at the center of the molecule | Rosalind Franklin |
| what are the nitrogen bases connected by | hydrogen bond |
| how are the bases and phosphate groups connected | covalent bonds |
| what proteins does DNA tightly wrap around | histones |
| replication | the process by which a cell copies or duplicates its DNA |
| Replication fork | Y shaped region at the end of each replication bubble where the new strands of DNA are elongating |
| what are proteins made by | ribosomes in the cytoplasm |
| what is the synthase of protein called | translation |
| what are the building instructions for proteins | genes |
| what are mutations | changes in the genetic material of a cell |
| gene mutation | a change within a single gene |
| chromosome mutations | changes within the whole chromosomes |
| point mutations | change in just one base pair of a gene |
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