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Ocean
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is Terrigenous sediment? | inorganic: gravel, sand, silt, clay |
| what is Biogenous sediment? | organic in origin whether from coral reefs, planktonic organisms that produce shells, or any other living marine organism. |
| what is Hydrogenous/Authigenic sediment? | forming from the water of the ocean: salts, evaporates, manganese nodules- many with economic value |
| what is Cosmogenous sediment? | extraterrestrial- micrometeorites, not that abundant. |
| how are Sediments recovered? | by grabs, cores or drilling, progressively deeper into the seafloor and sampling older rocks. |
| What do Turbidity Current Deposits do? | In submarine canyons, deep-sea channels and on abyssal plains and deep-sea fans, where there is a pathway to the deep-sea and river or other sediment source onshore. |
| What is Volcanic ash/glass sediment good for? | Ash from massive volcanic eruptions can be carried hundreds of miles in the atmosphere and are good tracers because each eruption has distinct chemistry. |
| What do Coccoliths and coccolithooze do ? | phytoplankton or planktonic plants-make complex skeletons of calcium carbonate which break down when die into individual plates. make limestone |
| What is Paleoceanography? | The study of the history of the oceans including climate, circulation, chemistry, biology, geology and patterns of sedimentation and biological productivity. |
| What information does sediement provide? | climate: temperature, ocean circulation, ice sheets and sea ice. ocean chemistry: carbon and nutrients. ecology and evolution. |
| what never forgets? | Rock |
| Where is evidence of climate change found? | Deep-sea sediment cores, Ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica, Tree rings-Dendrochronology, Deep-sea corals |
| What is todays ocean volume? | 330 million cubic miles |
| How much ice in antartica? | 88% of world’s ice and about 2/3 of all the fresh water. |
| how does Oxygen isotope ratios in planktonic organisms work? | O18/O16 indicative of fractionation of isotopes as sea water evaporates: Heavier isotope O18 preferentially left behind and increases in concentration during glacial periods. |
| right-handed-dextral Coiled planktonic foraminera means | warm water |
| left-handed-sinistral Coiled planktonic foraminera means | cold water; probably migrating populations |
| What is the Mediterranean Seas thing? | since there is up to 4000 meters of salt, the entire volume of Mediterranean is believed to have dried up 30 to 40 times. Takes 100 years to refill after evaporation. |
| What killed the dinosaurs? | 10-15 km diameter meteorite traveling 10 miles/sec creating crater >200 km in diameter or Plume Volcanism: Deccan Traps in S.E. India~1,000,000 km3 of basalt – Flood basalts |
| What proves the meteorite? | Iridium osmium and rhenium and impact-glass beads found in fossils and creter in Mexican gulf. |
| What proves lava? | The Deccan Traps one of largest volcanic features on Earth. Multiple layers of flood basalt together more than 6,500-feet thick |
| The Columbia river: | used to be a flood basalt that covered 63,200 square miles of the Pacific Northwest |
| How was Chesapeake Bay formed ? | by an asteroid impact 35 million years ago |
| How many craters on globe? | 110 impact structures |
| What is causing the global rise of CO2? | fossil fuel pollution |
| There is a rise in what global energy | Renewables |
| What political party takes global warming serially? | Democrats and independents |
| What is the Chemistry of Sea Water? | polar molecule with the Oxygen side being negatively charged and the Hydrogen side being positively charged. polarity explains unique properties of water: |
| how does water behave? | surface of water behaves like a weak membrane, due to the cohesion between water molecules, |
| Why dont water and oil mix? | Water is very polar and oil is ver non-polar. |
| What states can water naturally occur in | Water is the only material to occur naturally in all three states: solid, liquid and vapor. |
| what does it take to evaporate one gram of water? | 540 calories |
| How surface of water behave? | like a weak membrane such that if glass if overfilled it can actually extend above the level of the brim. |
| What liquid has more surface tension? | Mercury |
| what decreases salinity? | rain, sleet, hail, snow falling on ocean Runoff from rivers/streams Icebergs melting Sea ice melting |
| what increases salinity? | Sea Ice forming and Evaporation / removing water |
| What does excessive CO2 do to the oceean? | Carbon dioxide dissolves in the ocean where it causes ocean acidification. |
| increase in pCO2 equals | lower pH |
| acidification causes | Difficult for calcifying organisms to form threatening the entire food chain |
| What is happening to the great barrier reef? | a decline in growth rate over the past 25 years, and coral appear to be thinner and more brittle |
| What is happening to king crabs? | King crabs, like all crabs utilize carbonate ions for shell construction, but with lower pH, availability of carbonate decreases because of acidification |
| What are the characteristics of the Western Boundary Currents? | narrow, deep, fast, warm and well-defined currents found at the western boundaries of ocean basins. |
| What are the characteristics of the Eastern Boundary Currents ? | These currents are cold, shallow and broad, and their boundaries are not well defined. |
| what are Gyres? | large circular-moving loops of water |
| What part of global warming is effecting currents? | Melting ice in the Arctic can significantly impact the AMOC, because fresh water pouring into the North Atlantic dilutes surface waters, preventing them from sinking to the bottom to form deep currents. |
| What are TIDAL BULGES (LUNAR)? | Small horizontal forces push seawater into two bulges Opposite sides of Earth One bulge faces Moon Other bulge opposite side of Earth |
| How does the moon effect tidlal bulges? | Moon closer to Earth than sun so lunar tide-producing force greater than that of Sun (~2X force). On ideal Earth covered by ocean: Two tidal bulges, Two high tides, 12.5 hours apart |
| What are diurnal tides? | one high tide one low |
| What are semidiurnal tides? | two high tides and two low tides that are the same. |
| What are mixed semidiurnal tides? | two high tides and two low tides that are different. |
| What is a tidal bore | a true “tidal” wave is a Wall of water that moves up a river Caused by an incoming high tide meeting high river flow Occurs in some low-lying rivers Can be large enough to surf or raft |
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