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PSYCH Final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Social psychology | the scientific study of how people’s thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others |
| Attitudes | evaluations of people, objects, ideas, and behavior |
| Peripheral route processing | type of mental processing that occurs when a persuasive message is evaluated on the basis of irrelevant or extraneous factors |
| Central route processing | type of mental processing that occurs when a persuasive message is evaluated by thoughtful consideration of the issues and arguments used to persuade |
| Cognitive dissonance | the mental conflict that occurs when a person holds two thoughts, contradictory beliefs, or attitudes |
| Social cognition | the cognitive processes by which people understand and make sense of others and themselves. |
| Schemas | organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the way new information is interpreted, stored, and recalled |
| Impression formation | the process by which an individual organizes information about another person to form an overall impression of that person |
| Central traits | the major traits considered in forming impressions of others |
| Halo effect | a phenomenon in which an initial understanding that a person has positive or negative traits is used to infer other uniformly positive or negative characteristics |
| Assumed-similarity bias | the tendency to think of people as being similar to oneself even when meeting them for the first time |
| Self-serving bias | the tendency to attribute success to personal factors (skill, ability, or effort) and failure to factors outside oneself |
| Fundamental attribution error | a tendency to overattribute others’ behavior to dispositional causes and minimize the importance of situational causes |
| Social influence | the process by which social groups and individuals exert pressure on an individual, either deliberately or unintentionally |
| Conformity | a change in behavior or attitudes brought about by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of other people |
| Status | the social standing of someone in a group, is critical |
| Social supporter | a group member whose dissenting views make nonconformity to the group easier |
| Groupthink | a type of thinking in which group members share such a strong motivation to achieve consensus that they lose the ability to critically evaluate alternative points of view. |
| Entrapment | a circumstance in which commitments to a failing point of view or course of action are increased to justify investments in time and energy that have already been made |
| Industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology | the branch of psychology focusing on work- and job-related issues. |
| Compliance | behavior that occurs in response to direct social pressure |
| Obedience | a change in behavior in response to the commands of others |
| Stereotype | a set of generalized beliefs and expectations about a specific group and its members |
| Prejudice | a negative (or positive) evaluation of a group and its members |
| Discrimination | behavior directed toward individuals on the basis of their membership in a particular group |
| Social identity theory | suggests that people use group membership as a source of pride and self-worth, and they tend to be ethnocentric |
| Ethnocentric | refers to viewing the world from one’s own perspective and judging others in terms of their group membership. |
| Social neuroscience | a subfield of social psychology , seeks to identify the neural basis of social behavior |
| Implicit Association Test (IAT) | measures attitudes about which people might not be consciously aware as well as attitudes they wish to keep hidden |
| Interpersonal attraction (or close relationship) | positive feelings for others; liking and loving |
| Reciprocity | a tendency to like those who like us |
| Passionate (romantic) | a state of intense absorption in someone that includes intense physiological arousal, psychological interest, and caring for the needs of another. |
| Companionate love | the strong affection we have for those with whom our lives are deeply involved |
| Aggression | the intentional injury of, or harm to, another person |
| Catharsis | the process of discharging built-up aggressive energy |
| Observational learning theory | emphasizes that social and environmental conditions can teach individuals to be aggressive |
| Prosocial behavior | helping behavior |
| Diffusion of responsibility | the belief that responsibility for taking action is shared, or diffused, among those present. |
| Norm of equality | which suggests that all people ought to be rewarded equally, regardless of who they are or how competent or successful they are |
| Self | a person’s essential being distinguishing themselves from others; how we define ourselves as individuals |
| stereotype vulnerability | obstacles to performance that stem from their awareness of society’s stereotypes. |
| Traits | are consistent, habitual personality characteristics and behaviors that are displayed across different situations. |
| Id | is the instinctual and unorganized part of the personality according to Freud. |
| Behavioral assessments | Direct measures of individual’s behavior used to describe personality characteristics are known as |
| Factor | analysis is a statistical method of identifying patterns among a number of large variables and combining them into more fundamental groups |
| Psychology is defined as the | Scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
| The first major American psychologist to use the behavioral approach was | Watson |
Created by:
romerlor