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RAD 156 Matter
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Matter | Substance that exists in physical form and has mass; a solid, liquid, or gas. anything that occupies space, has shape or form and has mass. |
| Mass | quantity of matter contained in an object. does not change with gravitational force. does not change if the substance changes form. |
| Atom | Smallest particle of an element that still possess the characteristics or properties of that element |
| molecule | Chemical combination of 2 or more atoms chemically |
| atomic number | # of protons in nucleus |
| velocity | rate of change of its position with time (speed) or an object |
| acceleration | rate of change of velocity with time |
| inertia | property of matter that acts to resist a change in its state of motion |
| force | push or pull on an object, can incite change in state of motion |
| newtons first law | (Law of Inertia) A body will remain at rest or will continue to move with constant velocity in a straight line unless acted on by an external force |
| newtons second law | The force (F) that acts on an object is equal to the mass (m) of the object multiplied by the acceleration (a) produced |
| newtons third law | For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction |
| energy | the ability to do work. |
| kinetic energy | energy associated with the motion of an object |
| potential energy | stored energy, static position or configuration |
| work | the force applied times the distance over which it is applied. |
| power | rate of doing work. |
| law of conservation | energy may be transformed from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed. |
| momentum | mass in motion |
| element | Substance that is made entirely from one type of atom |
| compound | Molecule that contains at least two different elements. |
| Dalton | element was composed of identical atoms that reacted the same way chemically. |
| Thomson | concluded that electrons were an integral part of all atoms (plum pudding) |
| Rutherford | introduced the nuclear model, which described the atom as containing a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a negative cloud of electrons |
| Bohr | a miniature solar system in which the electrons revolved about the nucleus in prescribed orbits or energy levels |
| protons | Determines chemical element |
| Electrons | Binding energy levels |
| velocity relationship | linear |
| Octet Rule | a maximum of eight electrons can exist in the outermost shell of any atom |
| slides with too much info to fit | 21, 22,24, 27, 29 |
| Ionic Bonds | one of the atoms gives up an electron and the other takes the extra electron. Ionic bonding is based on the attraction of opposing charges. |
| Cation | An atom that gives up an electron; net positive electrical charge |
| Anion | An atom that gains an electron; a net negative electrical charge. |
| Covalent Bonds | two atoms sharing electrons that then orbit both nuclei. |
| atomic mass | # of protons and neutrons in an atom |
| Dmitri Mendeleev | invented periodic table 1869 |
| ionization | Adding or removing an electron from its shell |
| negative ion | electron is added |
| positive ion | electron is removed |
| isotopes | same # of protons but different # of neutrons |
| isotones | same # of neutrons but different # of protons |
| isobars | same atomic mass # but different # of protons |
| isomers | same # of protons and neutrons but different binding energy |
| Radioisotopes | have an unstable nucleus. Through radioactive decay, it is transformed into a new element |
| Half-life | Time required for a radioisotope to decay to one-half of its activity, unique to its radioisotope. |
| To become stable, radioisotopes release three different forms of ionizing radiation from their nuclei | Alpha, Beta, Gamma |
| Beta | Most common type of radioactive decay, Electron created & ejected from nucleus |
| Alpha | Pair of protons and neutrons ejected from the nucleus |
| a-particles | Helium nuclei ejected from nucleus |
| B-particles | electrons ejected from nucleus |
| x-rays | generated outside nucleus |
| y-rays | emitted from nucleus |
| Sources of Ionizing Radiation (4 natural, 4 man-made) | Cosmic, Terrestrial, internally deposited radionuclides, Radon and Thoron. Medical, dental, Consumer Items, Nuclear Power |
| Cosmic rays | originates outside atmosphere, increases with altitude/latitude |
| Terrestrial radiation | deposits of thorium and uranium in earth, geology dependent |
| Internally deposited radionuclides | natural metabolites present in human body (e.g., potassium) |
| Radon and Thoron | originates from earth-based materials (concrete, bricks, gypsum drywall etc.) |
| largest contributor of man-made radiation | Medical: diagnostic imaging (x-ray and CT) |
| cosmic and Terrestrial annual dose | 10-15% |
| Internally deposited radionuclides annual dose | 5-10% |
| Radon annual dose | 40-50% |
| thoron and man-made annual dose | varies |
| velocity formula (v=) and unit | d/t meters per second (m/s) |
| Acceleration formula (a=) and unit | Vf – Vo/t meters per second squared (m/s2) |
| force formula (F=) and unit | MA (mass x acceleration) newton (N) |
| example of first law in radiology | x-ray tube movement when unrestrained |
| example of second law in radiology | changing kvp affects photon energy |
| example of third law in radiology | recoil of electrons in x-ray production |
| power formula (P=) and unit | work/time watts (W) |
| work formula (W=) and unit | Fd (force x distance) Joules (J) |
| momentum formula (p=) and unit | mv (mass x velocity) kg*m/s (kilogram x velocity) |
| 1 newton = | 1 kg*m/s^2 |
| 1 Joule = | 1 Newton x meter |
| 1 Watt = | 1 joule/second |
Created by:
katorn