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Topic 14: Italy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Battle for Grain - date | 1925 |
| Battle for Lira - date | 1926 |
| Dopolavoro established - date | 1925 |
| Battle for Births - date | 1927 |
| Female employment in civil service capped at 10% - date | 1933 |
| Lateran Pacts - date | 1929 |
| Parliament effectively abolished - date | 1928 |
| Minculpop introduced - date | 1937 |
| Battle for Grain - def | Agricultural policy to make Italy self-sufficient in wheat production |
| Battle for Lira - def | Mussolini revalued the currency to ‘Quota 90’ (₤90 = £1) to protect project prestige. |
| Lateran Pacts - def | Reconciled the Fascist state with the Catholic Church. |
| Minculpop - def | Ministry of popular culture, controlled communication and organised fascist propaganda. |
| ONB - def | Opera Nazionale Balilla, 1926. Indoctrinated millions of young Italians through paramilitary training. |
| Dopolavoro - def | Extended regime influence into adult leisure, enrolling 4 million members by 1939. |
| Grand Council of Fascism - def | Fascist Italy’s constitutional body. |
| OVRA - def | Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism. Secret Police |
| Battle for Grain statistics - stat | 5.5m tonnes (1925) to 7.2 tonnes (1931) |
| Result of battle for lira - stat | Real wages fell 20% (1926-1934). Living standards dropped, fuelling discontent. |
| ONB size late 1930s - stat | 7 million children (90% of boys and 66% of girls) aged 8-18 were enrolled. |
| Dopolavoro size 1939 - stat | 4 million. |
| Teachers purged by 1929 - stat | 20% dismissed |
| Fascist Teachers’ Association size 1935 - stat | 70% of teachers. |
| Goal population growth from battle of births - stat | 40m to 60m by 1950. |
| Women in the workforce percentage by 1939 - stat | 33%. |
| Radio ownership 1939- stat | 1 million sets |
| OVRA killings 1922-1943 - stat | Around 400. |
| Negative aspects of the battle for grain | Southern farms disadvantaged. Production of olives, citrus, and dairy declined, worsening diets and creating nutritional imbalance. |
| How did public works and land reclamation contribute to the economy. | Large projects such as draining the Pontine Marshes provided work for tens of thousands. Overall economic contribution limited relative to need. |
| How did fascism extended to education | Fascist-approved textbooks compulsory in all elementary schools. Embed Romanita and the cult of Il Duce. |
| Benefits offered to mothers in the battle for births | Marriage loans, tax breaks, and motherhood medals. |
| Italy state religion | Catholicism |
| What was preserved into Mussolini’s regime. | Monarchy and army. (Personal dictatorship within elite constraints) |
| To what extent did the OVRA exercise violent policing(?) | Widespread surveillence. Effective but lighter than Nazi Germany. Mass killings were rare. |
| Mussolini’s name as embodiment of the nation | Il Duce |
| How did Mussolini exercise control | Rallies, symbols, and mass participation rather than repression. |
| What was Mussolini’s regime reliant on | Propaganda, spectacle and consensus-building. |
| Mussolini propaganda slogan | Mussolini is always right |
| To what extent did traditional elites preserve autonomy | Monarchy, Catholic church and industrialists retained autonomy. |
| Mussolini propaganda projects | EUR district, Foro Mussolini |
Created by:
nmcnamara