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geology final gmu
geology final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Q: What do contour lines represent? | A: Lines connecting points of equal elevation. |
| Q: What does it mean if contour lines are close together? | A: The slope is steep. |
| Q: What does it mean if contour lines are far apart? | A: The slope is gentle/flatter. |
| Q: How do streams flow on topographic maps? | A: Downhill with gravity. |
| Q: What shape do contour lines make when crossing streams? | A: A “V” shape pointing upstream. |
| Q: What are coordinates used for on a map? | A: Identifying exact locations. |
| Q: What is a topographic profile? | A: A side-view cross section of land elevation. |
| Q: What is important when drawing a topographic profile? | A: Follow contour elevations in order and pay attention to transect direction. |
| Q: What does VEI stand for? | A: Volcanic Explosivity Index. |
| Q: What does VEI measure? | A: The size/explosiveness of volcanic eruptions. |
| Q: What factors determine VEI? | A: Amount of material erupted, eruption height, and eruption duration. |
| Q: Formula for volume of a cone? | A: V = (1/3)πr²h |
| Q: What major change happened to Mt. St. Helens after eruption? | A: The summit collapsed and elevation decreased. |
| Q: What common mistake occurred with Mt. St. Helens profiles? | A: Drawing the profile backwards. |
| Q: What is the most common drainage pattern? | A: Dendritic. |
| Q: What does a dendritic drainage pattern look like? | A: Tree branches. |
| Q: What is a cross-sectional area? | A: Width × depth of a stream channel. |
| Q: What can cross-sectional area indicate? | A: Stream discharge/flow capacity. |
| Q: How do oxbow lakes form? | A: A meander gets cut off from the main stream. |
| Q: Where does erosion occur most in a meander? | A: Outside bend. |
| Q: Where does deposition occur most in a meander? | A: Inside bend. |
| Q: Formula for recurrence interval? | A: R.I. = (n + 1) / m |
| Q: What does n represent in the recurrence interval equation? | A: Number of years of record. |
| Q: What does m represent in the recurrence interval equation? | A: Flood ranking. |
| Q: What is the geologic definition of a flood? | A: Streamflow exceeding channel capacity. |
| Q: What is a 100-year flood? | A: A flood with a 1% chance of occurring each year. |
| Q: What are the main parts of a wave? | A: Crest, trough, wavelength, wave height. |
| Q: What mainly controls tides? | A: Gravity from the Moon and Sun. |
| Q: What is tidal generating force? | A: The gravitational force causing tides. |
| Q: What are spring tides? | A: Highest tidal range during full/new moon alignment. |
| Q: What are neap tides? | A: Lowest tidal range during quarter moons. |
| Q: What is longshore sediment transport? | A: Sediment moving parallel to shore by waves. |
| Q: How can coastal structures cause erosion? | A: They interrupt sediment movement. |
| Q: What is angle of repose? | A: The steepest angle material can remain stable. |
| Q: What factors affect angle of repose? | A: Water, grain size, shape, vegetation. |
| Q: What is mass wasting? | A: Downslope movement of material caused by gravity. |
| Q: What are common types of mass wasting? | A: Falls, slides, flows, creep. |
| Q: Which type of mass wasting is fastest? | A: Rockfalls. |
| Q: Which type is slowest? | A: Creep. |
| Q: What are secondary seismic hazards? | A: Tsunamis, landslides, fires, liquefaction. |
| Q: What are P waves? | A: Primary/compressional waves that travel fastest. |
| Q: What are S waves? | A: Secondary/shear waves that travel slower. |
| Q: What is lag time? | A: Difference in arrival times between P and S waves. |
| Q: Why is lag time important? | A: Used to determine distance from epicenter. |
| Q: What is triangulation? | A: Using distances from 3 stations to locate an epicenter. |
| Q: Difference between magnitude and intensity? | A: Magnitude measures energy released; intensity measures damage/effects. |
| Q: What measures magnitude? | A: Richter or Moment Magnitude Scale. |
| Q: What measures intensity? | A: Modified Mercalli Scale. |
| Q: What is the principle of superposition? | A: Oldest rock layers are at the bottom. |
| Q: What is a normal fault? | A: Hanging wall moves down. |
| Q: What is a reverse fault? | A: Hanging wall moves up. |
| Q: What is a strike-slip fault? | A: Horizontal movement. |
| Q: What is strike? | A: Direction of a rock layer on a horizontal plane. |
| Q: What is dip? | A: Angle a rock layer tilts downward. |
| Q: What is an anticline? | A: Upward arch fold. |
| Q: What is a syncline? | A: Downward trough fold. |
| Q: What is a mantle plume? | A: Rising hot mantle material. |
| Q: What are hotspots? | A: Volcanic areas caused by mantle plumes. |
| Q: What is plate tectonics? | A: Theory explaining movement of Earth’s lithospheric plates. |
| Q: Why is plate tectonics important? | A: Explains earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains, and seafloor spreading. |
| Q: What is isostatic rebound? | A: Land rising after heavy weight (like glaciers) is removed. |
| Q: How does glaciation affect isostasy? | A: Ice weight pushes crust down. |
| Q: How does orogeny affect isostasy? | A: Mountain building adds weight and changes crust elevation. |
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