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govt 201 final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cabinet | The formal group of presidential advisers who head the major departments and agencies of the federal government. |
| Cabinet members are chosen by | the president and approved by the Senate |
| coalition | An alliance of unlike-minded individuals or groups to achieve some common purpose such as lobbying, legislating, or campaigning for the election of public officials. |
| conformity costs | whenever collective decisions produce policy outcomes that do not best serve their interests |
| direct democracy | A system of government in which citizens make policy decisions by voting on legislation themselves rather than by delegating that authority to their representatives |
| referendum | An approach to direct democracy in which a state legislature proposes a change to the state’s laws or constitution that all the voters subsequently vote on. |
| zero-sum game | As in elections, one side’s gain is the other side’s loss |
| “take care” clause | “take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed.” |
| where is the take care located in the constitution | Article II, Section 3 |
| agency loss | what citizens ideally would like their agents to do and how the agents actually behave |
| commerce clause | the Constitution that gives Congress the authority to regulate commerce with other nations and among the states |
| faction | A group of people sharing common interests who are opposed to other groups with competing interests. James Madison defined a faction as any group with objectives contrary to the general interests of society. |
| how did James Madison define factions | a faction as any group with objectives contrary to the general interests of society. |
| fast-track authority | Impermanent power granted by Congress to the president to negotiate international trade agreements |
| judcial review | The authority of a court to declare legislative and executive acts unconstitutional and therefore invalid |
| logroll | The result of legislative vote trading. For example, legislators representing urban districts may vote for an agricultural bill provided that legislators from rural districts vote for a mass transit bill. |
| nationalists | Constitutional reformers led by James Madison and Alexander Hamilton who sought to replace the Articles of Confederation. |
| necessary and proper clause | This clause grants Congress the authority to make all laws that are “necessary and proper” and to execute those laws. |
| where is the commerce clause located in the constitution | Article 1, Section 8, |
| where is the necessary and proper clause located in the constitution | Article I, Section 8, |
| pluralism | A theory describing a political system in which all significant social interests freely compete with one another for influence over the government’s policy decisions |
| plurality | Rule in electing members of Congress by which the candidate who receives the most votes wins, |
| supermajority is required for | extraordinary legislative actions such as amending the Constitution or certain congressional procedures. For example, in the Senate sixty votes are required to stop a filibuster. |
| supremacy clause | declaring that national laws are the “supreme” law of the land and therefore take precedence over any laws adopted by states or localities. |
| where is the supremacy clause located in the constitution | Article VI |
| whistleblower laws | This device helps principals keep tabs on their agents. Laws that encourage employees to disclose information about government actions that are illegal, wasteful, or corrupt by protecting their job status from reprisals. |
| Black codes | Laws enacted by southern legislatures after the Civil War that prevented former enslaved people from voting and holding certain jobs, among other prohibitions. |
| civil liberties | Constitutional and legal protections from government interference with personal rights and freedoms such as freedom of assembly, speech, and religion |
| civil rights | Civil rights protect individuals from arbitrary or discriminatory treatment at the hands of the government. |
| de facto segregation | Segregation that results from practice rather than from law. |
| de jure segregation | Segregation enacted into law and imposed by the government |
| Title IX | A provision added to a federal aid to higher education law in 1972 that implements anti-discrimination policies based on gender |
| Brandenburg test | A legal framework used to determine whether free speech can be limited in cases where it stands to incite violence or a crime. |
| clear and present danger test | rule used by the Supreme Court to distinguish between speech protected and not protected by the First Amendment. Under this rule, the First Amendment does not protect speech aimed at inciting an illegal action. |
| clear and probable danger test | In each case [the courts] must ask whether the gravity of the ‘evil,’ discounted by its probability, justifies such invasion of free speech as is necessary to avoid the danger.” |
| due process clause | A clause found in both the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution protecting citizens from arbitrary action by the national and state governments. |
| equal protection clause | A Fourteenth Amendment clause guaranteeing all citizens equal protection of the laws. The courts have interpreted the clause to bar discrimination against minorities and women. |
| establishment of religion clause | The first clause of the First Amendment. The establishment clause prohibits the national government from establishing a national religion. |
| exclusionary rule | A judicial rule prohibiting the police from using at trial evidence obtained through illegal search and seizure |
| free exercise clause | The second clause of the First Amendment. The free exercise clause forbids the national government from interfering with the exercise of religion |
| privileges and immunities clause | the clause in Section I of the Fourteenth Amendment stipulating that “no State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States. |
| selective incorporation | The Supreme Court’s gradual process of assuming guardianship of civil liberties by applying piecemeal the various provisions of the Bill of Rights to state laws and practices. |
| “pork barrel” legislation | Legislation that provides members of Congress with federal projects and programs for their individual districts. |
| closed rule | An order from the House Rules Committee limiting floor debate on a particular bill and disallowing or limiting amendment. |
| conference committee | A temporary joint committee of the House and Senate appointed to reconcile the differences between the two chambers on a particular piece of legislation |
| earmarks | Money set aside by Congress in the federal budget to pay for projects in the home district of a member of Congress |
| cloture vote | to end filibusters in the senate by three-fifths (sixty) of the members |
| whip | managing communications between party leaders and members |
| pocket veto | A method by which the president vetoes a bill passed by both houses of Congress by failing to act on it within ten days of Congress’s adjournment |
| president pro tempore | In the absence of the vice president, the formal presiding officer of the Senate. The honor is usually conferred on the senior member of the majority party, but the post is sometimes rotated among senators of the majority party |
| special committee | A temporary legislative committee, usually lacking legislative authority |
| standing committee | A permanent legislative committee specializing in a particular legislative area. Standing committees have stable memberships and stable jurisdictions. |
Created by:
Zariii