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A&P 2
BVs and BP
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3 layers of blood vessels | tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa (adventitia) |
| tunica intima is simple squamous known as _____ that lines all arteries | endothelium |
| true or false: tunica intima is supported by loose CT and an elastic membrane | true |
| tunica media is | smooth muscle |
| tunica externa is supplied by ______ that provide nutrients to thick artery wall | vasa vasorum |
| true or false: walls of veins are thinner than walls of arteries | true |
| true or false: veins have larger lumens, and contain valves | true |
| capillaries have walls of endothelium supported by a | basement membrane |
| which vessel has smallest cross sectional area (fast blood flow) | arteries |
| exchange vessels | capillaries |
| which vessel has greatest cross sectional area (slowest blood flow) | capillaries |
| which vessel has lowest blood pressure | veins |
| elastic/conducting arteries | largest arteries closest to heart (brachiocephalic, common carotid, subclavian, common iliac) |
| muscular/distributing arteries | medium sized arteries (axillary, brachial, radial) |
| where is the vasomotor center | medulla oblongata |
| vasomotor center is what reflex center | sympathetic |
| baroreceptors that monitor stretch of artery wall and BP | aortic and carotid sinuses |
| chemoreceptors that monitor chemical levels of blood | aortic and carotid bodies |
| carotid artery sends impulses to MO on | glossopharyngeal nerve |
| aorta sends impulses to MO on | vagus nerve |
| what are arterioles | small arteries that regulate blood flow from arteries to capillaries, influence tissue perfusion. known as resistance vessels (their changing diameter alters BP) |
| tissue perfusion | delivery of blood flow to tissues and organs |
| arterioles can override sympathetic control via | autoregulation in response to local conditions |
| metabolic autoregulation | increased levels of CO2 and H, and low levels of 02 during metabolic activity causes dilation of arteries to increase blood flow |
| myogenic autoregulation | increased stretch in vessel wall (due to higher BP) = smooth muscle contraction and vasoconstriction. decreased stretch = vasodilation |
| true or false: cold and injury cause constriction | true |
| anastomoses | connections between BVs such as an artery flowing into another artery or even a vein |
| true or false: more capillaries than any other vessel in body | true |
| continuous capillaries | no pores/gaps, in tissues that stay "dry". skeletal muscle, brain, skin, lungs |
| fenestrated capillaries | pores for filtration. intestines, pancreas, kidneys. allows nutrients and waste to pass through |
| discontinuous capillaries | gaps in their walls plugged by Kupffer's cells. liver, lymphoid tissue, bone marrow |
| blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP) | pressure of blood inside capillary pushing against capillary wall. pushes fluid out into interstitial space. higher at arterial end (35mmHg) than venous (16mmHg) |
| interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IFHP) | pressure of interstitial fluid pushing on outside of capillary wall. pushes fluid from interstitial space into capillary |
| blood osmotic pressure (BOP) | albumins (made by liver) pull fluid from interstitial space into capillary. about 26mmHg on both arteriole and venous ends |
| interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (IFOP) | albumins pull fluid from capillary out into interstitial space. normally small amount since there is minimal solutes in interstitial fluid |
| net filtration pressure (NFP) determines | if fluid filters out or is absorbed into capillary |
| NFP equation and results | NFP = (BHP-IFHP)-(BOP-IFOP). + result = outflow of fluid - result = inflow of fluid |
| true or false: NFP needs to b e calculated at both arteriole and venous ends | true |
| True or false: there is net filtration of fluid at arteriole end, and net absorption at venous end | true (BHP dominates at arteriole end, BOP dominates at venous end |
| what is the net floss of fluid per min due to the imbalance of net filtration at arteriole end and net absorption at venous end | 1.5 ml/min (returned to circulation by lymphatic system) |
| edema | fluid build up in tissue (factors: high BHP [heart failure, pooling blood], low BOP [liver failure], blocks lymphatics [surgery, parasite], leaky capillaries [albumins leak out]) |
| which vessels are capacitance vessels, hold about 65% of blood volume | veins |
| varicose veins (valve failure) | if blood not returned correctly, blood backs up stretching veins |
| pulmonary division | delivers blood to lung from right side of heart and returns blood to left side |
| pulmonary BHP is low because (pulmonary trunk-20mmHg, aorta-80mmHg): | more BVs to lungs-less resistance, system is short + elastic- doesn't require much pressure |
| true or false: BOP always dominates BHP in pulmonary capillary, so more absorption occurs | true |
| increase in BHP in pulmonary capillaries results in | pulmonary edema (fluid build up in lungs because filtration dominates) |
| pulmonary edema includes factors such as | - pulmonary embolism: blood clot in pulmonary vessel, causes back up toward right side of heart - mitral stenosis: narrowing of mitral valve causes blood to back up into lungs |
| systemic division | includes aorta and its branches, carries oxygenated blood to organs and returns deoxygenated blood to heart |
| coronary circulation | coronary arteries are 1st vessels to branch off aorta (heart feeds itself first) |
| cerebral circulation | - includes circle of Willis: pattern of circulation to assure steady blood supply to brain, ring around pituitary gland - derived from the 2 internal carotid + basilar arteries |
| what are the basilar arteries formed by | 2 vertebral arteries fused together |
| control of cerebral blood flow | - since blood going against gravity, BHP must be sufficient - blood flow into head = amount of CO2 detected by carotid and aortic bodies (more CO2 = more blood flow) - gravity helps venous return from brain |
| which veins drain blood from brain | internal jugular veins |
| hepatic portal circulation | - aorta --> celiac trunk --> hepatic artery (high O2) --> liver - msentric + splenic veins --> hepatic portal vein (low O2) --> liver - blood leaves liver through hepatic vein --> empties into inferior vena cava |
| true or false: liver receives both arterial and venous blood | true |
| what are the 3 organs fed by branches of the celiac trunk | - stomach (gastric artery) - spleen (splenic artery) - liver (hepatic artery) |
| systolic pressure (higher BP in arteries due to heart contraction) normal range | 100-120 mmHg |
| diastolic pressure (higher BP in arteries due to heart relaxation) normal range | 60-80 mmHg |
| pulse pressure (PP) | systolic pressure - diastolic pressure |
| mean arterial pressure (MAP) | average pressure in systemic arteries MAP = diastolic + (PP/3) |
| what is MAP a good indicator of and what is its normal range | tissue perfusion, 70-100mmHg |
| major factors that determine BP | - greater cardiac output = greater BP - less elasticity (arthrosclerosis-hardening) = greater BP - peripheral resistance - greater volume of blood = greater BP |
| what is peripheral resistance | how much blood flow is reduced b friction - more PR = more BP |
| what is peripheral resistance determined by | - size (length) of vascular bed: increase vessel length = increase PR - diameter of BVs: dilated vessels = more blood flow (less resistance) = less BP - viscosity of blood: thicker blood = higher PR = higher BP |
| thicker blood | leukemia: more WBCs = more BP = more PR |
| thinner blood | anemia: less RBCs = less BP less PR |
| short term control of BP (nervous system) | reflexes from baro/chemo receptors in carotid and aortic sinuses changes cardiac output + alters vessel diameter. these make immediate changes |
| long term control of BP (hormonal) | reduced filtration in kidney releases renin, which converts angiotensinogen (liver protein) to angiotensin I . angiotensin I flows through lungs, and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) converts it to angiotensin II. |
| what is angiotensin II | - vasoconstrictor, leads to higher BP - stimulus for release of hormone aldosterone from adrenal cortex |
| what does aldosterone do | targets kidneys, causes salt retention --> increases BP |
| Na retention and angiotensin II stimulates hypothalamus to release | ADH from posterior pituitary gland |
| what does ADH do | targets kidneys, increases water retention = higher blood volume and higher BP |
| Na and water retention at kidney causes | higher blood volume and decreases urine output |
| atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) | - produced by walls of atria in response to stretch from high BP - inhibits renin/aldosterone/ADH production |
| true or false: arteries relax in response to absence of ADH and angiotensin II | true |
| true or false: less aldosterone + ADH = loss of salt and water via increased urine output = lower blood volume and lower BP | true |
Created by:
katiew0