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BIOL chap 11 - full

QuestionAnswer
Ecology Scientific study of the interactions (abiotic and biotic) that determine distribution and abundance of organisms.
Competitive Exclusion Principle In the presence of a limiting resource, two competing species with identical niches cannot coexist indefinitely in a homogeneous environment.
Resource Partitioning Division of limited resources by species to help reduce competition and allow coexistence.
Ecological Niche The role and position of a species in its environment, including its use of resources and interactions.
Fundamental Niche Physical conditions a species might live in in the absence of interactions with other species.
Realized Niche The narrower niche actually occupied because biological interactions such as competition restrict the fundamental niche.
Character Displacement Evolutionary divergence of traits between competing species that reduces niche overlap.
Keystone Predation Predation that reduces dominance of superior competitors and allows inferior competitors to persist.
Competitive Cycles Asymmetrical competitive interactions that can prevent competitive exclusion.
Disturbances Environmental changes that can prevent competitive exclusion and maintain diversity.
Predation An exploitation interaction where one organism kills and consumes another.
Herbivory Consumption of plant material by animals.
Parasitism Interaction in which a parasite consumes tissues or body fluids of a host, harming but usually not immediately killing it.
Mutualism Interaction in which both species benefit.
Commensalism Interaction in which one species benefits while the other is unaffected.
Cryptic Camouflage Camouflage that helps an organism avoid detection by blending into the background.
Cryptic Behaviour Behaviours that reduce detection by predators.
Masquerade Defense in which an organism resembles an inedible or unimportant object.
Disruptive Coloration Color patterns that break up the outline of an organism.
Aposematic Coloration Warning coloration advertising toxicity or unpalatability.
Batesian Mimicry A harmless species mimics a harmful or unpalatable species.
Müllerian Mimicry Two or more harmful or unpalatable species resemble one another.
Mertensian Mimicry A deadly species mimics a less dangerous warning species.
Pursuit-deterrent Signals Signals that communicate to predators that pursuit is not worthwhile.
Physical Armour Physical structures that protect organisms from predators.
Thanatosis Feigning death as a defense strategy.
Distraction Display Behavior used to divert predator attention away from vulnerable individuals.
Startle Behaviour Sudden display or action that surprises predators.
Intimidation Display Behavior that makes an organism appear larger or more threatening.
Chemical Defense Use of toxic or irritating chemicals for defense.
Autotomy Self-amputation of a body part to escape predators.
Evisceration Expulsion of internal organs as a defense mechanism.
Phagomimicry Mimicry involving resemblance to food or prey.
Mob Behaviour Group harassment of predators.
Predator Satiation Overwhelming predators with more prey than they can consume.
Counter-shading Dark coloration on top and lighter coloration below that reduces shadowing and enhances crypsis.
Flanging and Fringing Structures that reduce shadows and help camouflage.
Semiochemicals Chemical signals that mediate interactions between organisms.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Chemical compounds released into the air that can function as signals.
Host Induced Plant Volatiles Plant chemicals released in response to herbivory that attract predators or parasitoids.
Host The organism on or within which a parasite lives.
Ectoparasite Parasite that lives on the outside of a host.
Endoparasite Parasite that lives inside a host.
Mesoparasite Parasite partially embedded in or attached to the host.
Holoparasite Nonphotosynthetic plant parasite obtaining water, nutrients, and photosynthates from the host.
Hemiparasite Photosynthetic parasite that obtains water and nutrients from the host.
Micropredation Feeding strategy involving repeated small feedings from multiple hosts.
Parasitoid Organism whose larvae develop on or in a host and eventually kill it.
Idiobiont Parasitoids Parasitoids that prevent further host development after parasitism.
Koinobiont Parasitoids Parasitoids that allow continued host development after parasitism.
Direct Transmission Parasite transmission directly from one host to another.
Vector Transmission Transmission via another organism that carries the parasite.
Trophic Transmission Transmission through food-web interactions.
Parasitic Castration Parasite-induced suppression of host reproduction.
Hyperparasitism Parasitism of a parasite.
Social Parasitism Exploitation of social behaviour of another species.
Brood Parasitism Laying eggs in another organism's nest for parental care.
Kleptoparasitism Stealing food gathered by another organism.
Sexual Parasitism Parasitic relationship associated with reproduction.
Adelphoparasitism Parasitism involving closely related species.
Sequential Hermaphrodites Organisms that change sex during their lifetime.
Protandry Sequential hermaphroditism where male changes to female.
Protogyny Sequential hermaphroditism where female changes to male.
Haustorium Morphologically modified root that physically connects a parasitic plant to its host.
Created by: user-1770278
 

 



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