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Med Surg ch8 and 10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Describe current definitions of pain. (sbp1) | Pain is whatever the experiencing person say it is, existing whenever the person says it does (1968). An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated w/ or resembling that associated w/ actual or potential tissue damage (2020). |
| Identify common myths and barriers to the effective management of pain. (sbp1) | A person who is laughing and talking is not in pain. Respiratory depression is common in pts receiving opioid pain medications. |
| Differentiate among addiction, physical dependence, and tolerance. (sbp1) | Tolerance is a normal biological adaptation to long term use of a drug. Physical dependence is a normal physiological response that most ppl experience after a week or more of continuous opioid use. |
| Explain current understanding about the basic physiology of the pain response. (sbp1) | Pain transmission has 4 processes: Transduction, transmission, perception and modulation. |
| Differentiate between nociceptive and neuropathic pain. (sbp1) | Nociception refers to the body's normal reaction to noxious stimuli w/ the release of pain producing substances. May be somatic or visceral. Somatic is localized in the muscles or bones. Visceral or organ pain is not well localized. Cramping or pressure |
| Perform a basic pain assessment. | |
| Describe the three classes of analgesics and their uses. | Opioids, nonopioids and adjuvants |
| Identify commonly used pain medication treatment modalities and appropriate use. | |
| Recognize appropriate use of nonpharmacological pain management techniques. | |
| List the links in the chain of infection. (sbp1) | Infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host |
| Explain how to interrupt the routes of transmission for infections. | |
| Describe the body’s defense mechanisms to fight infection. (sbp1) | Skin and mucous membranes, intact skin, skin pH less than 7, normal flora |
| Describe the principles of anti-infective medication administration. | |
| Describe nursing care for a patient with an infection. | |
| Myths in effective management of pain (sbp1) | Pain medication is more effective when given by injection. Teenagers are more likely than older pt to become addicted to opioids. Pain is a normal part of aging |
| Addiction and how it differs from tolerance and physical dependence (sbp1) | Chronic disease of the brain influenced by genetics environment and life experiences, which cause the compulsive pursuit of substance or behavior to obtain reward or relief from craving |
| What is nociception and what stimuli promote it? (sbp1) | Nociception refers to the body's normal reaction to noxious stimuli, such as tissue damage, w/ the release of pain producing substances. May be somatic or visceral. |
| Nonopioid analgesics and its uses (sbp1) | First class of drugs to treat mild pain. Limited to their uses b/c they have a ceiling effect |
| Ceiling effect (sbp1) | There is a dose beyond which there is no improvement in the analgesic effect but there may be an increase in adverse effects. |
| Opioid analgesics and its uses (sbp1) | Classified by affect on receptors in the nervous system. Full antagonists (stimulators) have full response @ opioid site; partial agonists have lesser response. Mixed agonists or antagonists activates one type of opioid receptor while blocking another |
| Analgesic Adjuvants (sbp1) | Given in addition to other medications. Can counteract unwanted effects of other analgesics. "off-label" b/c they are used in a way not specifically approved by the FDA |
| Acute pain | Less than 3 months. Subside as healing takes place. Associated w/ short term objective signs such as VS, anxiety and diaphoresis |
| Chronic pain | Greater than 3 months, usually persists beyond healing. Body's adaptability causes pts may not appear in pain. VS may appear normal or lower than normal. May appear depressed, fatigued, decreased level of functioning. |
| Malinger | Deceitful to seek out drugs |
| Treatment options: Adjuvants | Prednisone. Duloxetine (Cymbalta), Amitriptyline. Gabapentin, Pregabalin, Corticosteroids |
| Treatment options: Nonopioids | NDAIDS, Acetaminophen, Aspirin, |
| Treatment options: Opioids | Oxycodone, Morphine, Tramadol, Fentanyl, Dilaudid |
| Hyperalgesia | Opioids have no ceiling effect but increased sensitivity to pain can occur. |
Created by:
SamarhaP