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JET
Terminology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Phoneme | The smallest unit of sound in a spoken language |
| Grapheme | Is the letter or combination of letters (eg. - sh - igh - eigh) |
| ARD | Auditory Recognition Drill (sound - letter) |
| IRD | Immediate Recognition Drill (letter - sound) |
| ARD | Advanced Reading Deck |
| IRD | Initial Reading Deck |
| Voiced Sound | A voiced sound means your vocal cords vibrate when you make the sound. (ALL vowels are voiced)Put your fingers on your throat and say “ah” or “ee.” You should feel vibration. |
| Open | Unlike consonants, vowels are not stopped or restricted by the mouth. For example: /a/ as in father,/o/ as in go,/e/ as in me - open sound means air flows freely through the mouth with no blockage from the tongue, lips, or teeth. |
| When you see an (i) before a consonant | It is a short i |
| Linkage paper | write letters on |
| Breve | U-shaped diacritical mark placed over a vowel |
| I as a word | makes a long sound |
| All vowels are | opened and voiced |
| Macron | (¯) is a diacritical mark placed horizontally above a vowel to indicate that it is pronounced as a long sound. |
| All vowels make at least | two sounds - short and long |
| Before Hand | Left Hand |
| After Hand | Right Hand |
| Instant Words | high-frequency words that students must recognize automatically without sounding them out. |
| Colored Squares - Vowels | Bright Pink - on right side of cookie sheet |
| Tittle | symbol above (a) - has a short u sound |
| ISD | spelling deck |
| CC | equals 1 - Two adjacent consonants that are the same make one sound. |
| ISD | Instant spelling deck ?? |
| Diagraph | 2 letters that make one sound is a DIAGRAPH (eg. th, ng, ck, sh, oo) |
| Accent (') | A syllable is accented, the mouth is open wider, the voice is louder and higher and the sound is held longer. |
| Base Word | Simplest form of an English word |
| Suffix | Not part of the base word - A suffix is a letter or letters added to the end of a base word to change its form or usage. |
| Derivative | A base word plus a suffix is a derivative |
| Vowel Suffix | (eg, - (Dumping) So, a vowel suffix - ing is the act of doing right now. |
| Consonant Suffix | (s) - eg. Tips - Slats - So, consonant suffix - s means more than one. |
| Rule - When we have (c) before a, o, u, or any consonant it is read | K |
| Rule - When we have (c) befor e and i | It is read (s) - eg. cent - cist |
| Trigraph | 3 letters that make one sound - eg. (tch) - pitch - hutch |
| eg. - Whip - Whack (what happens with this sound?) | is a combination w - h - the h sound comes before the w |
| Suffix - e.g. | less - means without - eg. homeless |
| Suffix - e.g. | ness - if you add a base word that is an adjective - it means quality of - eg. kindness - the quality of |
| Suffix - eg. | ful - e.g. - hopeful - full of ---- cupful - quantity needed to fill |
| Syllable | A syllable is a word or part of a word with one vowel sound = S= 1 (V) |
| Patterns like VCCV | show students where to divide words. - nap/kin → divide between the consonants - Both syllables are closed, so the vowels are short. |
| VCCV | In VCCV words, we usually split between the consonants.” |
| VCV | VCV Pattern -One consonant between vowels. - Example: robot |
| Affix | is a word part that is attached to a base word or root word to change its meaning or its grammatical function. (prefix - suffix) |
| derivative rules | mean the rules students use to read and understand derived words (words formed from a base word plus prefixes and suffixes), these are important in structured literacy and morphology instruction. |
| The Silent E Rule (derivative rules) | When adding a vowel suffix (such as -ing, -ed, -er, -able), the final silent e is usually dropped. hope → hoping excite → exciting move → movable |
| When adding a consonant suffix, the e is usually kept. hope → hopeful care → careless | hope → hopeful care → careless |
| The Doubling Rule (1-1-1 Rule) | Double the final consonant before adding a vowel suffix when:The word has one syllable, Ends in one consonant, Has one vowel before the consonant. hop → hopping run → running big → biggest |
| The Y Rule | If a word ends in y preceded by a consonant, change the y to i before adding most suffixes. happy → happier carry → carried |
| Do not change y when adding -ing. | carry → carrying |
| Prefix Rule | Adding a prefix generally does not change the spelling of the base word. unhappy reread preview |
| Base Word Integrity | Teach students to identify the base or root word and the meaning of added affixes kindness = kind + ness disagreement = dis + agree + ment |
| Meaning Changes Through Affixes - Prefixes usually change meaning: | un- = not (unhappy) re- = again (rewrite) pre- = before (preview) Suffixes often change the part of speech teach (verb) → teacher (noun) happy (adjective) → happiness (noun) |
| Morphology | is the study of the structure of words and how word parts combine to create meaning. - Base words (e.g., help) Roots (e.g., struct meaning "build") Prefixes (e.g., un-, re-) Suffixes (e.g., -ful, -ment) |
| Examples of Morphology | unhappy un- + happy not happy preview pre- + view view before construction construct + -ion the act of building disagreement dis- + agree + -ment a state of not agreeing |
| tilde (~) | over or associated with the ending syllable in words like tractor, doctor, and stubborn, it is usually marking an "er" sound that is not spelled with the letters er. |
| schwa | It is the unstressed vowel sound /ə/, which sounds like a quick, relaxed "uh." - It is the unstressed vowel sound /ə/, which sounds like a quick, relaxed "uh." Examples: about → /ə-bout/ sofa → /so-fə/ pencil → /pen-səl/ |
| stressed | A syllable is stressed when you say it with more emphasis, volume, or length. |
| unstressed | A syllable is unstressed when you say it more softly and quickly. DOC-tor → "DOC" is stressed, "tor" is unstressed. TRAC-tor → "TRAC" is stressed, "tor" is unstressed. STUB-born → "STUB" is stressed, "born" is unstressed. |
| bossy-r schwa) | f there's an r, the sound often becomes /ər/ |
| Closed syllable | ends in a consonant vowel is usually short examples: cat, sit, nap |
| Open syllable | ends in a vowel vowel is usually long examples: me, go, ti-ger |
| Vowel-Consonant-e (VCe) | vowel + consonant + silent e vowel is long examples: cake, time, note |
| Vowel team | two vowels working together examples: boat, rain, team |
| R-controlled (Bossy R) | vowel + r changes sound examples: car, bird, her |
| Consonant-le (C-le) | final syllable like -ble, -tle, -dle examples: table, candle, little |
| Rule 1: VCCV (Vowel–Consonant–Consonant–Vowel) | Usually split between the consonants - Pattern: V C C V → split between CC - Examples: rab·bit nap·kin sis·ter ✔ First vowel is usually short (closed syllable) |
| Rule 2: VCV (Vowel–Consonant–Vowel) | Two possibilities (this is the tricky one!) Option A: Try dividing after the first vowel → “open syllable” ti·ger → ti (long i) + ger mu·sic → mu + sic Option B: If that doesn’t sound right, divide after consonant → “closed syllable” cap·er (not ca·p |
| Rule 3: VCCCV (3 consonants together) | Usually split after the first consonant OR in a blend pattern n- mon·ster con·tract hun·dred |
| Rule 4: Consonant blends & digraphs stay together | Never split these: bl, cl, fl, gl, pl, sl ch, sh, th, wh Example: teach·er (not tea·cher in OG style division) ash·es |
| Consonant Digraphs | sh → /sh/ (ship, dish) ch → /ch/ (chip, lunch) th → /th/ (thin, this) wh → /w/ (or /hw/ in some accents) (what, when) ck → /k/ (duck, back) Less common consonant digraphs ph → /f/ (phone, graph) gh → /f/ or silent (laugh, night*) ng → /ŋ/ (sing, r |
| Vowel Digraphs | Long vowel digraphs ai → /ā/ (rain, train) ay → /ā/ (day, play) ee → /ē/ (see, tree) ea → /ē/ or /ĕ/ (eat, bread) oa → /ō/ (boat, road) oe → /ō/ (toe, goes) ie → /ē/ or /ī/ (field, pie) ✔ Other vowel digraphs oo → /ū/ or /ŏŏ/ (moon, book) ou → m |
| R-controlled vowel digraphs | ar → car er → her ir → bird or → corn ur → fur |
| Blends - two or more consonants that are pronounced together, but you can still hear each individual sound. | 🔹 Beginning consonant blends ✔ 2-letter blends bl → blue, black cl → clap, clock fl → flag, flip gl → glass, glue pl → play, plum sl → slide, slip br → bread, brown cr → crab, crop dr → drink, drop fr → frog, fruit gr → green, grab pr → pres |
| diphthong | two vowel sounds that glide together within the same syllable - 1. /oi/ sound oi → coin, boil, soil oy → boy, toy, joy 👉 Sounds like: “oy” with a glide ✔ 2. /ow/ sound ou → out, loud, cloud ow → cow, now, town |
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