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English Study Guide
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Satyagraha definition | literally meaning Truth-Force. It is a weapon for the brave that requires self-discipline. Gandhi says the goal is not to destroy the enemy, but to change their minds through patience and suffering. |
| Civil disobedience definition | peacefully breaking and immoral law and being willing to accept the punishment (such as going to jail) to show that the law is wrong |
| Non-cooperation definition | simply refusing to support or help a system that is unjust |
| Passive resistance definition | a form of resistance to that which is unjust; it is commonly used by people who are oppressed or marginalized, who may resort to violence as a last resort |
| What did Gandhi practice? | Satyagraha |
| What did the White Rose movement practice? | Passive resistance |
| What was the most common argument White Rose movement used and why? | Religious and/or theological because faith provided a higher law that was more important than the Nazi's laws and reminded people of values within their faith. |
| Augustine's Just War Theory | JUST CAUSE (protecting the innocent or acting in defense), LEGITIMATE AUTHORITY (only proper government/leader can start a war), RIGHT INTENTION (restore peace or justice, not power, land, revenge), MINIMAL DESTRUCTION (only use amount of force necessary) |
| Allegory of the Cave: Shadows | Represent the fake versions of truth we see every day |
| Allegory of the Cave: The Sun | Represents the Ultimate Truth or The Form of the Good |
| Allegory of the Cave: The Philosopher | The person who leaves the cave to see the sun, then returns to help others, even if they laugh at him. |
| Plato's Tripartite Soul | the soul has three parts: reason, spirit, and appetite. To be balanced, reason must be in charge |
| Plato's Noble Lie | A myth told to citizens to keep society stable. It says people are born with different metals in their souls. Example: Gold = Rulers/Guardians |
| Ethos | refers to the credibility/character of the speaker or author |
| Logos | uses logic/facts/science |
| Pathos | uses and invokes emotions like fear or pity |
| Who developed the three methods of appeal (ethos, logos, pathos)? | Aristotle (one of Plato's students) |
| What is romanticism? | a literary and philosophical movement that valued nature and believe in the importance of an individual's feelings |
| What did romantics believe? | individuals could experience the sublime in nature. (The feeling of being scared and amazed at the same time by the power of nature, such as a giant storm or mountain) |
| What were romantics concerned about? | Industrial Revolution |
| Who developed the concept of the Banality of Evil? | Hannah Arendt |
| What is the Banality of Evil? | the idea that evil is not always monstrous. Sometimes evil is what she called thoughtlessness, or people following orders without thinking for themselves, to the extent that what is evil or oppressive becomes normal. |
| Characteristics of a dystopia | A government with total control over people's lives (totalitarianism), individualism is stifled for the greater good, protagonist feels something is wrong before anyone else |
| What issue is Julie Bertagna concerned about? | Global warming and rising sea levels |
| What does "the sorting" in Exodus present? | an ethical dilemma under utilitarianism |
| What does Mara treat hope as? | a resource you have to grow to survive |
| What is a common resource in Exodus? | Storytelling; it reminds communities of their values |
| What do Gandhi and the White Rose Movement have in common? | Both believe that individuals have the power to resist a giant, immoral state |
| What do Plato and Arendt have in common? | Both want people to think. Plato wants people to live what he calls the philosophical life of thinking, Arendt warns that not thinking (thoughtlessness) leads to accepting and normalizing evil. |
| What do the Methods of Appeal have to do with the White Rose Movement? | The White Rose Movement used various methods of appeal to inspire resistance against Nazism. |
| What do romanticism and dystopian literature have in common? | Both express care and concern for individuals and nature. |
| How to identify a book title? | Italicize |
| How to identify an article title? | Quotation marks |
| How to identify the title of a poem? | Quotation marks |
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