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anthro 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| economy | A cultural adaptation to the environment that enables a group of humans to use the available land, resources, and labor to satisfy their needs and to thrive. |
| food foragers | Humans who subsist by hunting, fishing, and gathering plants to eat |
| pastoralism | A strategy for food production involving the domestication and herding of animals. |
| horticulture | The cultivation of plants for subsistence through nonintensive use of land and labor. |
| agriculture | An intensive farming strategy for food production involving permanently cultivated land to create a surplus. |
| industrial agriculture | intensive farming practices involving mechanization and mass production of foodstuffs |
| reciprocity | the exchange of goods, resources, and services among people of relatively equal status to create and reinforce social ties |
| Generalized reciprocity- | encompasses exchanges in which the value of what is exchanged is not carefully calculated and the timing or amount of the repayment is not predetermined. (between friends or family members) |
| balanced reciporcity | between people who are distantly related |
| negative reciprocity | pattern of exchange where parties seek to receive more than they give |
| redistribution | a form of exchange in which accumulated wealth is collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern |
| colonialism | The practice by which states extend political, economic, and military power beyond their own borders over an extended period of time to secure access to raw materials, cheap labor, and markets in other countries or regions. |
| triangle trade | The extensive exchange of enslaved people, sugar, cotton, and furs between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that transformed economic, political, and social life on both sides of the Atlantic. |
| industrial revoloution | the 18th and 19th century shift from agriculture and artisanal skill craft to machined based manufacturing |
| modernization therories | Post–World War II economic theories that predicted that with the end of colonialism, less-developed countries would follow the same trajectory toward modernization as the industrialized countries. |
| development | Post–World War II strategy of wealthy nations to spur global economic growth, alleviate poverty, and raise living standards through strategic investment in national economies of former colonies. |
| dependency theory | a critique of modernization theory that despite the end of colonialism, the underlying economic relations of the modern world economic system had not changed |
| neocolonialism | a continued pattern of unequal economic relations between former colonial states and former colonies despite the formal end of colonial political and military control |
| underdevelopment | the term used to suggest that poor countries are poor as a result of their relationship to an unbalanced global economic system |
| core countries | - industrialized former colonial states that dominate the world economic system |
| semiperiphery countries | nations ranking in between core and periphery countries, with some attributes of the core countries but with less of a central role in the global economy |
| fordism | The dominant model of industrial production for much of the 20th century, based on a social compact between labor, corporations, and government |
| flexible accumulation | the increasingly flexible strategies the corporations use to accumulate profits in an era of globalization, enabled by innovative communication and transportation technologies |
| neoliberalism | An economic and political worldview that sees the free market as the main mechanism for ensuring economic growth, with a severely restricted role for government. |
| commodity | A good that can be bought, sold, or exchanged in a market. |
| commodity chains | The hands an item passes through between producer and consumer. |
| stratifucation | The uneven distribution of resources and privileges among members of a group or culture. |
| class | A system of power based on wealth, income, and status that creates an unequal distribution of a society’s resources. |
| bourgeoisie | Marxian term for the capitalist class that owns the means of production. |
| means of production | The factories, machines, tools, raw materials, land, and financial capital needed to make things. |
| capital | Any asset employed or capable of being deployed to produce wealth. |
| proletariat | Marxian term for the class of laborers who own only their labor. |
| prestige | The reputation, influence, and deference bestowed on certain people because of their membership in certain groups. |
| life chances | An individual’s opportunities to improve their quality of life and realize life goals. |
| social mobility | - The movement of one’s class position upward or downward in stratified societies. |
| social reproduction | the phenomenon whereby social and class relations of prestige or lack of prestige are passed from one generation to the next |
| habitus | - Bourdieu’s term to describe the self-perceptions, sensibilities, and tastes developed in response to external influences over a lifetime that shape one’s conceptions of the world and where one fits in it. |
| cultural capital | The knowledge, habits, and tastes learned from parents and family that individuals can use to gain access to scarce and valuable resources in society. |
| income | - What people earn from work plus dividends and interest on investments along with earnings from rents and royalties. |
| wealth | The total value of what someone owns, minus any debt. |
| pushes and pulles | The forces that spur migration from the country of origin and draw immigrants to a particular new destination country. |
| bridges and barriers | The factors that enable or inhibit migration. |
| labor immigrants | Persons who move in search of low-skill and low-wage jobs, often filling an economic niche that native-born workers will not fill. |
| professional immigrants | Highly trained individuals who move to fill economic niches in middle-class professions often marked by shortages in the receiving country. |
| entrepreneurial immigrants | Persons who move to a new location to conduct trade and establish a business. |
| refugees | - Persons who have been forced to move beyond their national borders because of political or religious persecution, armed conflict, or disasters. |
| enviornmental anthropology | The study of relations between humans and the environment. |
| anthropocene | The current geological era in which human activity is reshaping the planet in permanent ways. |
| multispecies ethnography | - Ethnographic research that considers the interactions of all species living on the planet in order to provide a more-than-human perspective on the world. |
| ecotourism | Tours of remote natural environments designed to support local communities and their conservation efforts. |
| settler colonialism | - Displacement and pacification of Indigenous people and expropriation of their lands and resources. |
| band | A small kinship-based group of foragers who hunt and gather for a living over a particular territory. |
| tribe | a culturally distinct, multiband population that imagined itself as one people descended from a common ancestor; today, more often used to describe an Indigenous group with its own set of loyalties and leaders living to some extent outside the control of |
| cheifdom | an autonomous political unit composed of a number of villages or communities under the permanent control of a paramount chief |
| state | - An autonomous regional structure of political, economic, and military rule with a central government authorized to make laws and use force to maintain order and defend its territory. |
| hegemony | The ability of a dominant group to create consent and agreement within a population without the use or threat of force. |
| civil society organization | A local nongovernmental organization that challenges state policies and uneven development and advocates for resources and opportunities for its local community. |
| militarization | The contested social process through which a civil society organizes for the production of military violence. |
| agency | - The potential power of individuals and groups to contest cultural norms, values, mental maps of reality, symbols, institutions, and structures of power. |
| social movement | Collective group actions that seek to build institutional networks to transform cultural patterns and government policies. |
| framing process | The creation of shared meanings and definitions that motivate and justify collective action by social movements. |
| religion | A set of beliefs and rituals based on a vision of how the world ought to be and how life ought to be lived, often, though not always, focused on a supernatural power and lived out in community. |
| martyr | A person who sacrifices their life for the sake of their religion. |
| saint | An individual considered exceptionally close to God who is exalted after death. |
| sacred | anything considered holy |
| profane | anything considered unholy |
| ritual | An act or series of acts regularly repeated over years or generations that embodies the beliefs of a group of people and creates a sense of continuity and belonging. |
| rite of passage | A category of ritual that enacts a change of status from one life stage to another, either for an individual or for a group. |
| liminality | One stage in a rite of passage during which a ritual participant experiences a period of outsiderhood, set apart from normal society, that is key to achieving a new perspective on the past, present, and future community. |
| communitas | A sense of camaraderie, a common vision of what constitutes the good life, and a commitment to take social action toward achieving this vision that is shaped by the common experience of rites of passage. |
| pilgrimage | A religious journey to a sacred place as a sign of devotion and in search of transformation and enlightenment. |
| cultural materialism | A theory that argues material conditions, including technology and the environment, determine patterns of social organization, such as religious principles. |
| secular | without religious or spirtual bias |
| shamans | Local religious practitioners with abilities to connect individuals with supernatural powers or beings to provide special knowledge and power for healing, guidance, and wisdom. |
| magic | The use of spells, incantations, words, and actions in an attempt to compel supernatural forces to act in certain ways, whether for good or for evil. |
| symbol | anything that represnts something else |
| authoritizing process | The complex historical and social developments through which symbols are given power and meaning. |
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