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Philosophy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is epistemology concerned with? | Knowledge |
| According to Bentham, what determines a being’s moral worth? | Their capacity for suffering |
| Descartes’ student, Queen Christina of Sweden, declared that “the soul has no…” what? | sex |
| Socrates claimed Diotima taught him that wisdom was what kind of state? | divine state |
| For Plato, scientific knowledge of particulars was: | impossible |
| Reaction formation is a Freudian ego defense mechanism that attempts to prevent what from being expressed? | Dangerous desires |
| Why were immigrants attracted to ancient Athens? | Because of its reputation as a trading center |
| Which of the following held that reason was the ground of all knowledge? | Descartes |
| According to Simone de Beauvoir, what is gender? | A social construct |
| Plato’s dualism argued that there were two “worlds”: one of “being” and one of “becoming.” How many “worlds” does Aristotle posit? | 1 |
| Jeremy Bentham directly challenged the owners, bosses, and ruling classes when he insisted that “each counts as…” what? | One and none more |
| Marx believed the proper object of Hegel’s dialectic should be what? | The material world |
| Plato held that a Parmenidean world would be what? | Static |
| What is Nietzsche’s term for a "higher type" of humanity? | The overman |
| Nietzsche observed that, in modernity, everything that “elevates the individual above the herd” is called: | Evil |
| What did Plato claim to be the “dominant drive” for the citizens of Athens during the Sophist’s time? | Money |
| Who viewed the human mind as a passive receiver of impressions? | British empiricists |
| Sources tell us that Socrates wrote a hymn to whom? | Apollo |
| What is Kierkegaard’s term for a subjective condition of an individual living “in the moment,” not relying on groups or institutions for meaning and purpose? | Authenticity |
| What does Socrates mean by the word “incontinence”? | A lack of self-control |
| What is the “first” type of causation in Aristotle’s hierarchy of causes? | Material cause |
| The first principle of existentialism says that “a person is nothing but…” what? | What they make of themself |
| In contrast to Kant’s philosophy, Kierkegaard held that man could never be his own what? | Lawgiver |
| Which of the following is an exemplar of Kierkegaard’s “aesthetic stage” of living? | Don Juan |
| Ontology is the study of what? | Being |
| Which emerging archetype refers to a philosopher whose work identifies, clarifies, and actively opposes a perceived injustice, typically giving philosophical credence to personal experience based on gender, ethnic background, or social status? | The philosophical advocate |
| The Sophists differed from the sophos in that Sophists turned from the study of nature to the formal study of what? | Human conduct |
| Which of the following best describes the Cartesian method of inquiry? | Systematic doubt |
| A posteriori knowledge is also known as what? | Empirical knowledge |
| Why do we suffer, according to Buddha? | Because we are partial to ourselves |
| Which Hellenistic school of thought taught that the highest good is found in the most intense pleasure? | Cyreniac hedonism |
| What are Socrates’s actions during the battle at Delium meant to demonstrate? | Indifference to fear |
| It has been noted that, to understand the whole of a text, you also have to understand the parts; but to understand the parts, you also have to understand the whole. What is this "problem" of interpretation called? | The hermeneutical circle |
| According to Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, what is the status of sentences that cannot be reduced to simple, unanalyzable names that refer to objects? | They are meaningless. |
| What was Berkeley’s famous statement to describe his understanding of reality? | To be is to be perceived.” |
| According to Kierkegaard’s analysis, what is the concept that best expresses Abraham’s willingness to obey God? | Faith |
| How many epochs of history did Marx identify? | 5 |
| What did Locke call the subjective qualities of experience, whose existence depends on a perceiver? | Secondary qualities |
| Which of the following best represents the Platonic Form of “circularity”? | 2πr (the mathematical definition of a circle’s circumference) |
| Which of the following is a problem for any theology that asserts the existence of an all-powerful, all-wise, all-god God? | The problem of evil |
| At what age did Kierkegaard die? | 42 |
| according to Kant’s categorical imperative, moral duty tells us to “act as if…” what? | The maxim of thy action were to become a universal law of nature.” |
| What inscription did Kierkegaard propose for his gravestone? | The individual |
| According to Nietzsche, utilitarianism “sublimates” the individual to what? | the herd |
| For Aristotle, happiness represents what? | A quality of life in the here and now |
| Which of the four main areas of philosophy is most concerned with the nature and origin of governments? | Social and political philosophy |
| Modern utilitarianism developed as a response to social conditions created by what? | The Industrial Revolution |
| What is Heidegger’s term for the specifically human way of existing (being human)? | Dasein |
| What does Singer argue that you should do with “whatever money you’re spending on luxuries, not necessities”? | Give it to people in need |
| The view that "might makes right" is an expression of: | moral realism. |
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