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physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Digestive tract parts | Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestine, rectum, anus |
| Accessory organs | Liver, pancreas, gallbladder |
| Liver function (digestive) | Produces bile, processes nutrients, detoxifies substances |
| Gallbladder function | Stores and concentrates bile, releases into small intestine |
| Pancreas exocrine function | Secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate into duodenum |
| Pancreas endocrine function | Secretes insulin and glucagon into bloodstream |
| Digestive processes | Ingestion, digestion, absorption, defecation |
| Ingestion | Taking food into the mouth |
| Digestion | Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food |
| Absorption | Movement of nutrients into blood or lymph |
| Defecation | Elimination of waste from body |
| GI tract layers | Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa |
| Mucosa function | Secretion and absorption |
| Submucosa function | Contains blood vessels and nerves |
| Muscularis externa function | Motility (peristalsis and segmentation) |
| Serosa function | Protective outer covering |
| Muscularis externa (stomach) | Has 3 layers (oblique added) for extra mixing |
| Tonic contractions | Sustained contractions (sphincters) |
| Phasic contractions | Rhythmic contractions for mixing and movement |
| Esophagus epithelium | Stratified squamous |
| Intestinal epithelium | Simple columnar |
| Rectum/anus epithelium | Stratified squamous |
| Swallowing reflex | Coordinated by medulla; epiglottis blocks airway, uvula blocks nasal passage |
| Epiglottis function | Prevents food entering trachea |
| Uvula function | Prevents food entering nasal cavity |
| Enteric nervous system | Local control of digestion (gut brain) |
| Parasympathetic effect on digestion | Stimulates digestion |
| Sympathetic effect on digestion | Inhibits digestion |
| Carbohydrate digestion enzyme | Amylase |
| Protein digestion enzymes | Pepsin (stomach), trypsin (intestine) |
| Lipid digestion enzyme | Lipase |
| Bicarbonate (HCO3-) function | Neutralizes acidic chyme, protects intestine, allows enzymes to function |
| Bicarbonate source | Pancreas (duct cells) |
| Digestive hormones | Gastrin, secretin, CCK |
| Gastrin function | Stimulates HCl secretion |
| Secretin function | Stimulates bicarbonate secretion |
| CCK function | Stimulates enzyme secretion and bile release |
| Carbohydrate end products | Monosaccharides |
| Protein end products | Amino acids |
| Lipid end products | Fatty acids and monoglycerides |
| Carbohydrate absorption | Transported into blood via intestinal cells |
| Protein absorption | Amino acids transported into blood |
| Lipid absorption | Micelles → chylomicrons → lymph (lacteals) |
| Carbohydrate digestion starts in | Mouth |
| Protein digestion starts in | Stomach |
| Lipid digestion starts in | Small intestine |
| Bile function | Emulsifies fats to increase surface area |
| HCl function | Activates pepsin, denatures proteins, kills bacteria |
| HCl production | Parietal cells in stomach |
| Brush border structures | Plicae, villi, microvilli |
| Plicae | Folds that increase surface area |
| Villi | Finger-like projections for absorption |
| Microvilli | Tiny projections forming brush border |
| Peyer's patches | Lymphoid tissue in small intestine for immune defense |
| Gut flora | Normal bacteria aiding digestion, vitamin production, protection |
| Phases of digestion | Cephalic, gastric, intestinal |
| Cephalic phase | Triggered by sight/smell of food |
| Gastric phase | Digestion in stomach with acid and enzymes |
| Intestinal phase | Digestion and absorption in small intestine |
| Bolus | Soft mass of chewed food |
| Chyme | Semi-liquid stomach contents |
| Hepatic flexure | Bend between ascending and transverse colon |
| Splenic flexure | Bend between transverse and descending colon |
| Sphincter muscles | Circular muscles controlling movement between GI sections |
| Peristalsis | Wave-like contractions moving food forward |
| Rhythmic segmentation | Mixing contractions in small intestine |
| Defecation reflex | Elimination of feces with internal/external sphincter control |
| Internal anal sphincter | Involuntary smooth muscle |
| External anal sphincter | Voluntary skeletal muscle |
| Hepatic portal system | Transports nutrients from GI to liver for processing |
| Gastric pits | Contain cells that secrete acid, enzymes, and mucus |
| Parietal cells | Secrete HCl |
| Chief cells | Secrete pepsinogen |
| Mucous cells | Secrete mucus for protection |
| Saliva | Contains water, mucus, amylase for digestion |
| Salivary glands | Produce saliva |
| Gastric accommodation | Stomach expands to store food without pressure increase |
| Emulsion | Fat broken into small droplets by bile |
| Micelles | Lipid transport structures to intestinal cells |
| Chylomicrons | Fat transport particles entering lymph |
| Lacteals | Lymph vessels absorbing fats |
| Tenia coli | Longitudinal muscle bands in large intestine |
| Haustra | Pouches in colon aiding mixing and absorption |
| Colonocytes | Absorb water and electrolytes |
| Goblet cells | Secrete mucus |
| Osmotic diarrhea | Caused by non-absorbed solutes pulling water |
| Secretory diarrhea | Caused by excessive secretion |
| Inflammatory diarrhea | Caused by intestinal damage |
| Protective reflexes | Vomiting and diarrhea remove harmful substances |
| Glucostatic theory | Hunger controlled by blood glucose levels |
| Lipostatic theory | Hunger controlled by fat stores |
| UES sphincter | Upper esophageal sphincter |
| LES sphincter | Lower esophageal sphincter prevents reflux |
| Pyloric sphincter | Controls stomach emptying |
| Ileocecal sphincter | Controls flow into large intestine |
| Vitamin absorption | Fat-soluble vitamins require bile |
| Iron absorption | Occurs in small intestine (duodenum) |
| Electrolyte absorption | Occurs mainly in small intestine and colon |
| Male system complexity | More anatomically complex |
| Female system complexity | More metabolically/hormonally complex |
| Penis | Male copulatory organ |
| Scrotum | Holds testes and regulates temperature |
| Corpora cavernosa | Erectile tissue |
| Corpus spongiosum | Surrounds urethra |
| Testes | Male gonads producing sperm and testosterone |
| Seminiferous tubules | Site of spermatogenesis |
| Epididymis | Sperm maturation and storage |
| Ductus deferens | Transports sperm |
| Spermatic cord | Contains vas deferens, vessels, nerves |
| Seminal vesicle | Produces seminal fluid |
| Prostate gland | Secretes alkaline fluid |
| Bulbourethral gland | Secretes mucus for lubrication |
| Rete testis | Network collecting sperm |
| Cremaster muscle | Controls testicular temperature |
| Sperm structure | Head, acrosome, midpiece, tail |
| Acrosome | Contains enzymes for fertilization |
| Sertoli cells | Support sperm development |
| Leydig cells | Produce testosterone |
| Interstitial tissue | Contains Leydig cells |
| Spermatids | Immature sperm cells |
| Spermatocyte | Cell undergoing meiosis |
| Spermatozoa | Mature sperm cells |
| Ejaculation | Release of semen |
| Erectile dysfunction | Inability to maintain erection |
| Nitric oxide function | Causes vasodilation for erection |
| Vasectomy | Cutting vas deferens to prevent sperm transport |
| Uterus | Female organ for fetal development |
| Fallopian tube | Site of fertilization |
| Fimbriae | Sweep egg into tube |
| Cervix | Lower uterus opening |
| Labium | External genital structure |
| Clitoris | Sensory organ |
| Ovary | Produces eggs and hormones |
| Follicle | Contains developing oocyte |
| Oocyte | Egg cell |
| Ovulation | Release of egg |
| Corpus luteum | Secretes progesterone |
| Endometrium | Uterine lining |
| Myometrium | Muscle layer of uterus |
| Placenta | Exchange of nutrients and gases |
| Umbilical cord | Connects fetus to placenta |
| Fertilization | Occurs in fallopian tube |
| Ectopic pregnancy | Implantation outside uterus |
| Vagina | Birth canal |
| Menstrual cycle phases | Follicular, ovulation, luteal |
| Parturition | Childbirth |
| Mammary glands | Produce milk |
| Sucking reflex | Stimulates prolactin and oxytocin |
| Menopause | End of menstrual cycles |
| Meiosis | Cell division producing gametes |
| Primary spermatocyte | Undergoes meiosis to form sperm |
| Primary oocyte | Female precursor cell |
| Diploid (2n) | Two sets of chromosomes |
| Haploid (n) | One set of chromosomes |
| Zygote | Fertilized egg |
| Gametogenesis | Spermatogenesis and oogenesis |
| Autosomes | Non-sex chromosomes |
| Sex chromosomes | X and Y |
| SRY gene | Triggers testes development |
| Bipotential development | Early embryo can become male or female |
| Androgens | Male sex hormones |
| Androgen insensitivity | XY individual with female phenotype |
| Coitus | Sexual intercourse |
| Barr bodies | Inactive X chromosome |
| Capacitation | Sperm activation in female tract |
| Totipotent | Can form entire organism |
| Pluripotent | Can form many cell types |
| Blastocyst | Early embryo stage |
| Inner cell mass | Becomes embryo |
| Embryo | Early development stage |
| Fetus | Later development stage |
| Germ layers | Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm |
| Wolffian duct | Develops into male structures |
| Mullerian duct | Develops into female structures |
| TDF | Testes determining factor (SRY product) |
| MIS | Anti-Mullerian hormone |
| Puberty | Sexual maturation |
| Nondisjunction | Improper chromosome separation |
| Gender | Biological sex characteristics |
| Monozygotic twins | Identical twins |
| Dizygotic twins | Fraternal twins |
| Chimera | Mosaic individual with different cell lines |
| Progesterone | Maintains uterine lining |
| Estrogen | Female development and cycle regulation |
| Testosterone | Male development and function |
| LH | Stimulates testosterone and ovulation |
| ICSH | Same as LH in males |
| FSH | Stimulates gamete production |
| Gonadotropins | LH and FSH hormones |
| Cholesterol derived | Steroid hormones originate from cholesterol |
| Hypothalamus function | Releases GnRH |
| Anterior pituitary function | Releases LH and FSH |
| GnRH | Stimulates gonadotropin release |
| ABP | Androgen-binding protein maintains testosterone levels |
| Inhibin | Inhibits FSH |
| hCG | Maintains pregnancy |
| hPL | Supports fetal nutrition |
| Oxytocin | Stimulates labor and milk ejection |
| Prolactin | Stimulates milk production |
| PIH | Inhibits prolactin |
Created by:
aubreyd13