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CJ Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Fordism? | A system of mass production developed by Henry Ford, based on standardized products, assembly lines, stable full-time employment, and strong unions. It dominated Western economies after WWII. |
| What is post-fordism? | The shift away from mass production toward flexible, globalized, and technology-driven economies. Work becomes more specialized, outsourced, and less stable (part-time, contract, gig work). |
| What is the golden age of Fordism? | This was a period of strong economic growth, rising wages, stable jobs, and expanding middle class in many Western countries. There was strong government regulation, labor unions, and corporate stability. |
| What was the time-line of the golden-age of fordism? | 1945-1975 |
| Why did fordism break down in the 70? | Oil shocks and inflation, rising unemployment, global competition, declining corporate profits |
| What is "stagflation"? | Increase of unemployment |
| What did the legitimacy crises of 1970 cause? | People began questioning capitalism, government authority, and corporate power |
| What is neoliberalism? | An economic and political ideology promoting free markets, privatization, deregulation, and reduced government intervention. |
| Who promoted neoliberalism as an economic system and hegemonic discourse? | Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher |
| What is hegemonic discourse? | Neoliberalism becomes “common sense”—people begin to accept ideas like competition, individual responsibility, and markets as natural and unavoidable. It shapes how society thinks about success, failure, and work. |
| What is human capital? | The idea that individuals are economic assets based on their skills, education, and productivity. |
| What is enterprise self? | Individuals are expected to behave like businesses—constantly investing in themselves, branding themselves, and optimizing performance. |
| What is venture labor? | Workers take on unpaid or underpaid labor with the hope of future success (e.g., startups, gig work, internships). |
| What is risk shifting? | Companies reduce their financial risk by shifting uncertainty onto individuals (e.g., freelance work instead of stable jobs). |
| What is critical theory? | It argues that communication is not neutral—it is tied to power. Organizations use communication to shape beliefs, control behavior, and maintain inequality. |
| What are the three-dimensional views of power? | Decision-making power, agenda setting power, and ideological power |
| What is decision making power? | Who directly controls outcomes |
| What is agenda-setting power? | What issues are allowed to be discussed |
| What is ideological power? | Shaping beliefs so people accept systems without questioning them |
| What is ideology? | A system of beliefs that shapes how people understand the world (often benefiting dominant groups). |
| What is hegemony? | Control maintained not through force, but through cultural and ideological consent. |
| What is manufactured consent? | When people accept dominant ideas because they are normalized through media, education, and institutions. |
| What is discourse? | the way language and communication shape meaning and power |
| What is resistance? | It happens when people create alternative stories or challenge dominant narratives (counter narratives), shifting power dynamics |
| What does the feminist perspectives on organization focus on? | They focus on gender influences workplace structures and communication, challenging the idea that organizations are neutral. |
| What is deconstructing bureaucracy? | Traditional ones value traits like hierarchy, competition, and rationality—often associated with masculinity. This can marginalize collaborative, relational, and emotional ways of working. |
| What are the types of feminism? | Liberal, radical, and critical/postmodern |
| What is liberal feminism? | Focuses on equal opportunity and removing barriers for women within existing systems. |
| What is radical feminism? | Argues that systems themselves are patriarchal and need major restructuring. |
| What is critical/postmodern feminism? | Examines how gender is constructed through language, power, and culture. |
| What is emotional labor? | Managing or suppressing emotions to meet workplace expectations (e.g., customer service “smiling” regardless of feelings). |
| What is alienation? | Feeling disconnected from one’s true emotions or self at work. |
| What is bounded emotionality? | A healthier model where emotions are acknowledged and shared within appropriate boundaries in organizations. |
| What is the critical race theory? | Examines how racism is embedded in systems and institutions, not just individual prejudice. |
| What is white streaming? | The normalization of whiteness as the default standard in organizations, which marginalizes other racial identities and experiences. |
| What is intersectionality? | A concept explaining how multiple identities (race, gender, class, sexuality, etc.) overlap and shape unique experiences of privilege or oppression. |
| what is trait leadership theory? | It focuses on the personal characteristics of leaders. It suggests that effective leaders are born with certain traits, such as confidence, intelligence, honesty, and determination. The idea is that these qualities make someone naturally suited to lead. |
| What is style leadership theory? | It looks at how leaders behave, rather than who they are. It focuses on leadership styles, mainly task oriented and people oriented. |
| Explain the relationship of leaders and followers? | It emphasizes that leadership is not just about the leader, but also about their relationship with followers. Strong leadership depends on trust, communication, mutual respect These relationships lead to better teamwork and performance. |
| What are information communicatino technoogies? | These are digital tools used to communicate and share information like email, social media, zoom, messaging apps. Tese make communication faster and allow people to work remotely and globally. |
| What is algorithmic management? | It is technology and software used to manage workers instead of humans. It can increase efficiency but feel impersonal. |
| What is autonomy paradox? | This is the idea that technology seems to give workers more freedom, but actually can reduce it. Ex. You can work anytime, but feel pressure to always be available. |
| What is the structuration theory? | This theory explains how people and systems influence each other. |
| What is CSR or corporate social responsibility? | Its when companies take responsibility for their impact on society and the environment. |
| What are informal economies? | This is economic activities that happen outside official regulations and are common in many parts of the world (side gigs) |
| What are the different types of CSR communication types? | Self-promotion, third-party endorsement, and interactive/dialogic communication |
| What is self promotion CSR? | When a company shares its own good actions |
| What is third-part endorsement CSR? | When others like nonprofits or media highlight the companys efforts |
| What is interactive/dialogic communication CSR? | Engaging with the public through social media, feedback or conversations. |
| What are the elements of meaningful work? | purpose, personal growth, connection, and autonomy |
| What is the orientation to time? | This is how people view and manage time, with can vary culturally. |
| What are the three orientations to time? | Past, present and future oriented |
| What is feminism? | The fairness and equity in the workplace, not just equal but fair |
| What is intersectionality? | Someone's identity or mix of race, gender, age, etc. |
| What is the social construction? | It is someones identity built through communication and interactions |
| What is whiteness? | This is the "default" norms that shape workplace expectations |
| What is Mumby's critical approach? | It focuses on power, control and inequality in organizations. It looks into corporate control and hidden power structures. |
| What is emotional labor? | Managing emotions to meet job expectations like using a fake smile, being nice to difficult customers. High pressure, repetitive interactions. |
| What does emotional labor lead to? | emotional fatigue, burnout, feeling "drained" after overtime |
| What is the social construction of identity? | It's not fixed and is created through interactions, communications, and how others perceive you. Ex. you are the sum of your interactions in the workplace |
| What are the leadership styles? | task-oriented, people oriented, transformational, and transactional |
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