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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 9/11 | terrorists associated with al-Qaeda hijacked four commercial airplanes, carrying out suicide attacks against the United States. Two planes hit the World Trade Center in NYC, one hit the Pentagon in Virginia, and a fourth, Flight 93, crashed in Pennsylvani |
| Suez canal crisis | a pivotal Cold War conflict sparked by Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser's nationalization of the British-French-owned Suez Canal on July 26, 1956 |
| war on terror | a international, American-led military, political, and ideological campaign launched after the 9/11 attacks to dismantle extremist organizations like al-Qaeda and eliminate regimes supporting them. It involved major wars in Afghanistan and Iraq |
| OPEC | Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries of oil |
| partition of Palestine | The 1947 UN Partition Plan for Palestine (Resolution 181) proposed dividing the British Mandate territory into separate Arab and Jewish states, with Jerusalem under international administration |
| war in iraq | a US-led invasion aimed at removing Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein from power, driven by false allegations that his regime possessed weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) and supported al-Qaeda |
| the 6-day war | a preemptive strike by Israel against Egypt, Jordan, and Syria, triggered by escalating regional tensions, including Egyptian blockades, expulsion of UN peacekeepers, and defense pacts between Arab nations aiming to eliminate Israel |
| Persian Gulf War | a conflict between Iraq and a US-led 35-nation coalition, triggered by Saddam Hussein’s invasion and annexation of Kuwait |
| Arabic Springs | was a series of pro-democracy protests, uprisings, and armed rebellions that spread across much of the Arab world in the early 2010s, beginning in December 2010. Triggered by widespread discontent with authoritarian rule, corruption, and economic hardship |
| War in Afghanistan | The 20-year war in Afghanistan (2001–2021) began as a US-led coalition invasion to dismantle al-Qaeda and remove the Taliban from power following the 9/11 attacks. It became the longest war in U.S. |
| iran hostage crisis | was a 444-day diplomatic standoff (November 4, 1979 – January 20, 1981) in which 52 American diplomats and citizens were held hostage at the U.S. Embassy in Tehran by Iranian students |
| Theodor herzl | was a Hungarian-born Jewish journalist and playwright who founded modern political Zionism, advocating for a sovereign Jewish state to escape European antisemitism. |
| zionism | an ideology and nationalist movement that supports the right of the Jewish people to self-determination in their ancestral homeland, the Land of Israel |